02215nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245010000055210006900155260001300224300001400237490000700251520155300258653002401811100003201835700002301867700001801890856012501908       2011                        eng d  a0045-506700aSecondary insects and diseases contribute to sudden aspen decline in southwestern Colorado, USA0 aSecondary insects and diseases contribute to sudden aspen declin  cDecember  a2315-23250 v413 aReports of drought-associated forest mortality have increased around the world, but the mechanisms of mortality are rarely direct in nature. Biotic agents may kill trees that could otherwise recover and can perpetuate and expand mortality after the stress is relieved. Sudden aspen decline (SAD) has caused rapid, widespread branch dieback and mortality of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). We compared insects and diseases in 162 damaged and neighboring healthy plots to determine contributing factors and their ecological roles. Cytospora canker, bronze poplar borer, and aspen bark beetles were the most common agents in damaged plots and correlated with crown loss and other factors related to SAD. This was the first documented outbreak of Trypophloeus populi, an aspen bark beetle. As bark beetles and bronze poplar borer increased in damaged stands, they tended to attack trees with healthier crowns. Environmental stress may have directly affected the success of these agents by increasing host susceptibility followed by a density-dependent increase in the insects' invasive ability. In contrast, Cytospora canker had an identical relationship to crown loss in healthy versus damaged plots, suggesting that it was not limited by inoculum but responded to host susceptibility. Most other pathogens and insects contributed little to SAD and appear to be primary or weakening agents. The biotic agents of mortality in a decline differ greatly from primary agents and play complex and varied roles in healthy versus declining stands.10aTrypophloeus populi1 aMarchetti, Suzanne, Bethers1 aWorrall, James, J.1 aEager, Thomas  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/secondary-insects-and-diseases-contribute-sudden-aspen-decline-southwestern-colorado-usa-002366nas a2200253   4500008004500000020001400045245017500059210006900234260001300303300001400316490000700330520140800337653002601745653002801771653002401799653002301823100002601846700002201872700002401894700001501918700002101933700002301954856013501977       2008                        Engldsh    a0045-506700aInitial tree mortality and insect and pathogen response to fire and thinning restoration treatments in an old-growth mixed-conifer forest of the Sierra Nevada, California0 aInitial tree mortality and insect and pathogen response to fire   cDecember  a3011-30200 v383 aFire and thinning restoration treatments in fire-suppressed forests often damage or stress leave trees, altering pathogen and insect affects. We compared types of insect-and pathogen-mediated mortality on mixed-conifer trees 3 years after treatment. The number of bark beetle attacked trees was greater in burn treatments compared with no-burn treatments, and in some cases, larger pine trees were preferentially attacked. Restoration treatments are not expected to change the trajectory of spread and intensification of dwarf mistletoe. Thinning treatments may have provided a sanitation effect in which large leave trees have lower levels of dwarf mistletoe. Although thinning treatments are known to exacerbate root disease, 12% of cut stumps were infected with root pathogens (Armillaria gallica and Heterobasidion annosum). Treatments increased Ribes (alternate host for white pine blister rust) frequency and abundance, which may have very localized impacts on white pine blister rust dynamics. In some instances, fire, insects, and pathogens appear to conflict with forest restoration goals by reducing the percentage of pine and producing proportionally higher rates of tree mortality in large-diameter size classes. To better understand the long-term effects of restoration treatments on pathogens and insects, continued monitoring over the course of varying climatic conditions will be needed.10aDendroctonus jeffreyi10aDendroctonus ponderosae10aDendroctonus valens10aScolytus ventralis1 aMaloney, Patricia, E.1 aSmith, Thomas, F.1 aJensen, Camille, E.1 aInnes, Jim1 aRizzo, David, M.1 aNorth, Malcolm, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/initial-tree-mortality-and-insect-and-pathogen-response-fire-and-thinning-restoration-treatments-o-002014nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245009800055210006900153260000800222300001400230490000700244520139100251653002801642100002901670700002101699856012401720       2011                        eng d  a0045-506700aDensity-dependent population dynamics of mountain pine beetle in thinned and unthinned stands0 aDensitydependent population dynamics of mountain pine beetle in   cMay  a1031-10460 v413 aThinning, the selective removal of some trees from a forest, is one way forest managers can reduce the probability that a forest will be susceptible to attack by bark beetles. Although this method has been shown to be effective, it is not clear whether the effect arises when pre-outbreak populations are small or during the epidemic phase when outbreaks are growing. We adopted a population dynamics approach to determine if the effect of limit or basal area thinning could be observed in the form of differential beetle recruitment using lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) mortality data from previously published studies as a proxy measure of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) population size. We found that mountain pine beetle populations exhibit density-dependent population dynamics that are influenced by the silvicultural history of their host's stand. Thinning did not change the epidemic equilibrium but instead caused a shift in dynamics from linear to nonlinear. In a validation test, the models developed for thinned and unthinned stands predicted reproductive rates in independent locations. These data also suggest the epidemic dynamics of mountain pine beetle may be sensitive to perturbations and to systematic trends associated with climate variability and climate change.10aDendroctonus ponderosae1 aMacQuarrie, Chris, J. K.1 aCooke, Barry, J.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/density-dependent-population-dynamics-mountain-pine-beetle-thinned-and-unthinned-stands-002213nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245010000055210006900155260001300224300001400237490000700251520155300258653002401811100003201835700002301867700001801890856012301908       2011                        eng d  a0045-506700aSecondary insects and diseases contribute to sudden aspen decline in southwestern Colorado, USA0 aSecondary insects and diseases contribute to sudden aspen declin  cDecember  a2315-23250 v413 aReports of drought-associated forest mortality have increased around the world, but the mechanisms of mortality are rarely direct in nature. Biotic agents may kill trees that could otherwise recover and can perpetuate and expand mortality after the stress is relieved. Sudden aspen decline (SAD) has caused rapid, widespread branch dieback and mortality of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). We compared insects and diseases in 162 damaged and neighboring healthy plots to determine contributing factors and their ecological roles. Cytospora canker, bronze poplar borer, and aspen bark beetles were the most common agents in damaged plots and correlated with crown loss and other factors related to SAD. This was the first documented outbreak of Trypophloeus populi, an aspen bark beetle. As bark beetles and bronze poplar borer increased in damaged stands, they tended to attack trees with healthier crowns. Environmental stress may have directly affected the success of these agents by increasing host susceptibility followed by a density-dependent increase in the insects' invasive ability. In contrast, Cytospora canker had an identical relationship to crown loss in healthy versus damaged plots, suggesting that it was not limited by inoculum but responded to host susceptibility. Most other pathogens and insects contributed little to SAD and appear to be primary or weakening agents. The biotic agents of mortality in a decline differ greatly from primary agents and play complex and varied roles in healthy versus declining stands.10aTrypophloeus populi1 aMarchetti, Suzanne, Bethers1 aWorrall, James, J.1 aEager, Thomas  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/secondary-insects-and-diseases-contribute-sudden-aspen-decline-southwestern-colorado-usa02366nas a2200253   4500008004500000020001400045245017500059210006900234260001300303300001400316490000700330520140800337653002601745653002801771653002401799653002301823100002601846700002201872700002401894700001501918700002101933700002301954856013501977       2008                        Engldsh    a0045-506700aInitial tree mortality and insect and pathogen response to fire and thinning restoration treatments in an old-growth mixed-conifer forest of the Sierra Nevada, California0 aInitial tree mortality and insect and pathogen response to fire   cDecember  a3011-30200 v383 aFire and thinning restoration treatments in fire-suppressed forests often damage or stress leave trees, altering pathogen and insect affects. We compared types of insect-and pathogen-mediated mortality on mixed-conifer trees 3 years after treatment. The number of bark beetle attacked trees was greater in burn treatments compared with no-burn treatments, and in some cases, larger pine trees were preferentially attacked. Restoration treatments are not expected to change the trajectory of spread and intensification of dwarf mistletoe. Thinning treatments may have provided a sanitation effect in which large leave trees have lower levels of dwarf mistletoe. Although thinning treatments are known to exacerbate root disease, 12% of cut stumps were infected with root pathogens (Armillaria gallica and Heterobasidion annosum). Treatments increased Ribes (alternate host for white pine blister rust) frequency and abundance, which may have very localized impacts on white pine blister rust dynamics. In some instances, fire, insects, and pathogens appear to conflict with forest restoration goals by reducing the percentage of pine and producing proportionally higher rates of tree mortality in large-diameter size classes. To better understand the long-term effects of restoration treatments on pathogens and insects, continued monitoring over the course of varying climatic conditions will be needed.10aDendroctonus jeffreyi10aDendroctonus ponderosae10aDendroctonus valens10aScolytus ventralis1 aMaloney, Patricia, E.1 aSmith, Thomas, F.1 aJensen, Camille, E.1 aInnes, Jim1 aRizzo, David, M.1 aNorth, Malcolm, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/initial-tree-mortality-and-insect-and-pathogen-response-fire-and-thinning-restoration-treatments-old02012nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245009800055210006900153260000800222300001400230490000700244520139100251653002801642100002901670700002101699856012201720       2011                        eng d  a0045-506700aDensity-dependent population dynamics of mountain pine beetle in thinned and unthinned stands0 aDensitydependent population dynamics of mountain pine beetle in   cMay  a1031-10460 v413 aThinning, the selective removal of some trees from a forest, is one way forest managers can reduce the probability that a forest will be susceptible to attack by bark beetles. Although this method has been shown to be effective, it is not clear whether the effect arises when pre-outbreak populations are small or during the epidemic phase when outbreaks are growing. We adopted a population dynamics approach to determine if the effect of limit or basal area thinning could be observed in the form of differential beetle recruitment using lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) mortality data from previously published studies as a proxy measure of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) population size. We found that mountain pine beetle populations exhibit density-dependent population dynamics that are influenced by the silvicultural history of their host's stand. Thinning did not change the epidemic equilibrium but instead caused a shift in dynamics from linear to nonlinear. In a validation test, the models developed for thinned and unthinned stands predicted reproductive rates in independent locations. These data also suggest the epidemic dynamics of mountain pine beetle may be sensitive to perturbations and to systematic trends associated with climate variability and climate change.10aDendroctonus ponderosae1 aMacQuarrie, Chris, J. K.1 aCooke, Barry, J.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/density-dependent-population-dynamics-mountain-pine-beetle-thinned-and-unthinned-stands02085nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245012900055210006900184260001300253300001400266490000700280520138200287653002801669100002401697700002501721700002301746856013401769       2011                        eng d  a0045-506700aForest structure altered by mountain pine beetle outbreaks affects subsequent attack in a Wyoming lodgepole pine forest, USA0 aForest structure altered by mountain pine beetle outbreaks affec  cDecember  a2403-24120 v413 aExtensive outbreaks of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) will alter the structure of many stands that will likely be attacked again before experiencing a stand-replacing fire. We examined a stand of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) in Grand Teton National Park currently experiencing a moderate-level outbreak and previously attacked by mountain pine beetle in the 1960s. Consistent with published studies, tree diameter was the main predictor of beetle attack on a given tree, large trees were preferentially attacked, and tree vigor, age, and cone production were unimportant variables for beetle attack at epidemic levels. Small trees killed in the stand were killed based mainly on their proximity to large trees and were likely spatially aggregated with large trees as a result of the previous outbreak. We concluded that the driving factors of beetle attack and their spatial patterns are consistent across outbreak severities but that stand structure altered by the previous outbreak had implications for the current outbreaks in the same location. This study should catalyze additional research that examines how beetle-altered stand structure affects future outbreaks - an important priority for predicting their impacts under climate change scenarios that project increases in outbreak frequency and extent.10aDendroctonus ponderosae1 aKashian, Daniel, M.1 aJackson, Rebecca, M.1 aLyons, Heather, D.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/forest-structure-altered-mountain-pine-beetle-outbreaks-affects-subsequent-attack-wyoming-lodgepole01950nas a2200157   4500008004500000020001400045245014300059210006900202260001200271300001400283490000700297520131400304653001801618100002201636856013401658       2008                        Engldsh    a0045-506700aFungi associated with Tomicus minor on Pinus sylvestris in Poland and their succession into the sapwood of beetle-infested windblown trees0 aFungi associated with Tomicus minor on Pinus sylvestris in Polan  cOctober  a2579-25880 v383 aThe study identified and measured frequency of fungal species associated with Tomicus minor (Hart.) on Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) in Poland. Additionally, fungal succession in P. sylvestris sapwood was investigated during a 12aweek period following an attack by this insect. Fungi were isolated from five populations of overwintered adult beetles and their galleries with 59 species of fungi being represented among the 2880 cultures obtained. The most frequent species, Ophiostoma canum (Munch) Syd. & P. Syd., Hormonema dematioides Lagerb. & Melin, and Ambrosiella tingens (Lagerb. & Melin) L.R. Batra, appeared to be specifically associated with T. minor. The succesional changes in species composition during a 12aweek period following an attack by T. minor were observed. The pattern of fungal succession in P. sylvestris sapwood essentially agreed with a general scheme of fungal succession in tree sapwood infested by bark beetles. Ambrosiella tingens was the first invader of sapwood and occurred most frequently in its deeper layers. Ophiostoma canum, H. dematioides, and other molds were also often isolated from the sapwood; however, they were most common at a depth of 5amm during the initial phase of fungal colonization. Later, Ophiostoma canum followed A. tingens in the sapwood invasion.10aTomicus minor1 aJankowiak, Robert  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/fungi-associated-tomicus-minor-pinus-sylvestris-poland-and-their-succession-sapwood-beetle-infested01982nas a2200205   4500008004500000020001400045245015500059210006900214260001100283300001400294490000700308520119000315653002801505100002301533700002501556700001901581700002101600700002001621856013501641       2008                        Engldsh    a0045-506700aRadar observation and aerial capture of mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in flight above the forest canopy0 aRadar observation and aerial capture of mountain pine beetle Den  cAugust  a2313-23270 v383 aAn outbreak of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.) in central British Columbia, Canada, has reached an unprecedented size and intensity and has been spreading. The 2005 emergence and subsequent flight of mountain pine beetle was studied using direct observation of emergence, weather radar imagery, and aerial capture. To verify that the daytime, clear-air radar returns seen during this period were indeed generated by airborne mountain pine beetles, aerial sampling in the area covered by the radar was performed using a drogue capture net towed by a single-engine light aircraft. Results verify that airborne mountain pine beetles are being detected by the weather radar and that, during the emergence period, significant numbers of mountain pine beetles can be found at altitudes up to more than 800 m above the forest canopy. An estimate of transport distance indicates that mountain pine beetles in flight above the forest canopy may move 30-110akm[center dot]day-1. An estimate of the instantaneous density of mountain pine beetles in flight above the canopy on flight days in 2005 indicate a mean (maximum) density of 4950 (18 600) beetles[center dot]ha-1.10aDendroctonus ponderosae1 aJackson, Peter, L.1 aStraussfogel, Dennis1 aLindgren, B.S.1 aMitchell, Selina1 aMurphy, Brendan  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/radar-observation-and-aerial-capture-mountain-pine-beetle-dendroctonus-ponderosae-hopk-coleoptera-sc02131nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245010200055210006900157260000900226300001400235490000700249520151400256653003001770100001701800700001901817856012501836       2007                        eng d  a0045-506700aPredicting postfire Douglas-fir beetle attacks and tree mortality in the northern Rocky Mountains0 aPredicting postfire Douglasfir beetle attacks and tree mortality  cJune  a1058-10690 v373 aDouglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) were monitored for 4 years following three wildfires. Logistic regression analyses were used to develop models predicting the probability of attack by Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, 1905) and the probability of Douglas-fir mortality within 4 years following fire. Percent crown volume scorched (crown scorch), cambium injury, diameter at breast height (DBH), and stand density index for Douglas-fir were most important for predicting Douglas-fir beetle attacks. A nonlinear relationship between crown scorch and cambium injury was observed, suggesting that beetles did not preferentially attack trees with both maximum crown scorch and cambium injury, but rather at some intermediate level. Beetles were attracted to trees with high levels of crown scorch, but not cambium injury, 1 and 2 years following fire. Crown scorch, cambium injury, DBH, and presence/absence of beetle attack were the most important variables for predicting postfire Douglas-fir mortality. As DBH increased, the predicted probability of mortality decreased for unattacked trees but increased for attacked trees. Field sampling suggested that ocular estimates of bark char may not be a reliable predictor of cambium injury. Our results emphasize the important role of Douglas-fir beetle in tree mortality patterns following fire, and the models offer improved prediction of Douglas-fir mortality for use in areas with or without Douglas-fir beetle populations.10aDendroctonus pseudotsugae1 aHood, Sharon1 aBentz, Barbara  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/predicting-postfire-douglas-fir-beetle-attacks-and-tree-mortality-northern-rocky-mountains02098nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245011300055210006900168260001100237300001400248490000700262520134100269653002701610100003001637700002301667700002201690700002601712700002301738856013101761       2007                        eng d  a0045-506700aDifferential impacts of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, on Pinus palustris and Pinus taeda0 aDifferential impacts of the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus fr  cAugust  a1427-14370 v373 aPatterns of host use by herbivore pests can have serious consequences for natural and managed ecosystems but are often poorly understood. Here, we provide the first quantification of large differential impacts of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, on loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., and longleaf pine, Pinus palustris P. Mill., and evaluate putative mechanisms for the disparity. Spatially extensive survey data from recent epidemics indicate that, per square kilometre, stands of loblolly versus longleaf pine in four forests (380[long dash]1273 km2) sustained 3[long dash]18 times more local infestations and 3[long dash]116 times more tree mortality. Differences were not attributable to size or age structure of pine stands. Using pheromone-baited traps, we found no differences in the abundance of dispersing D. frontalis or its predator Thanasimus dubius Fabricius between loblolly and longleaf stands. Trapping triggered numerous attacks on trees, but the pine species did not differ in the probability of attack initiation or in the surface area of bark attacked by growing aggregations. We found no evidence for postaggregation mechanisms of discrimination or differential success on the two hosts, suggesting that early colonizers discriminate between host species before a pheromone plume is present.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aFriedenberg, Nicholas, A.1 aWhited, Brenda, M.1 aSlone, Daniel, H.1 aMartinson, Sharon, J.1 aAyres, Matthew, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/differential-impacts-southern-pine-beetle-dendroctonus-frontalis-pinus-palustris-and-pinus-taeda02236nas a2200229   4500008004500000020001400045245016400059210006900223260000800292300001200300490000700312520136000319653002901679653002801708653000801736653002301744100002801767700002201795700002601817700002801843856013501871       2008                        Engldsh    a0045-506700aBlacks mountain experimental forest: bark beetle responses to differences in forest structure and the application of prescribed fire in interior ponderosa pine0 aBlacks mountain experimental forest bark beetle responses to dif  cMay  a924-9350 v383 aMechanical thinning and the application of prescribed fire are commonly used tools in the restoration of fire-adapted forest ecosystems. However, few studies have explored their effects on subsequent amounts of bark beetle caused tree mortality in interior ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws. var. ponderosa. In this study, we examined bark beetle responses to creation of midseral (low diversity) and late-seral stages (high diversity) and the application of prescribed fire on 12 experimental units ranging in size from 76 to 136 ha. A total of 9500 (5.0% of all trees) Pinus and Abies trees died 2 years after treatment of which 28.8% (2733 trees) was attributed to bark beetle colonization. No significant difference in the mean percentage of trees colonized by bark beetles was found between low diversity and high diversity. The application of prescribed fire resulted in significant increases in bark beetle caused tree mortality (all species) and for western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, Ips spp., and fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis LeConte, individually. Approximately 85.6% (2339 trees) of all bark beetle caused tree mortality occurred on burned split plots. The implications of these and other results to sustainable forest management are discussed.10aDendroctonus brevicornis10aDendroctonus ponderosae10aIps10aScolytus ventralis1 aFettig, Christopher, J.1 aBorys, Robert, R.1 aMcKelvey, Stephen, R.1 aDabney, Christopher, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/blacks-mountain-experimental-forest-bark-beetle-responses-differences-forest-structure-and-applicati02250nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245012200055210006900177260000800246300001200254490000700266520150200273653002801775100002001803700002301823700002301846700002201869700001801891856013501909       2011                        eng d  a0045-506700aForest developmental trajectories in mountain pine beetle disturbed forests of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado0 aForest developmental trajectories in mountain pine beetle distur  cApr  a782-7920 v413 aA mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) epidemic has caused widespread mortality of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) trees across western North America,. We characterized the initial effects of beetle-induced mortality on forest structure and composition in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. In 2008, we surveyed stand structure and tree species composition across lodgepole pine dominated forests in the western portion of the Park. We defined five lodgepole pine forest types to describe variability in pre-epidemic forest conditions. This forested landscape appears to be resilient to the effects of the beetle. Surviving trees, including both canopy trees and saplings, were plentiful in most of the post-epidemic forests, even after accounting for anticipated future mortality. Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.), and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) had modestly higher relative abundances after the epidemic. Lodgepole pine remained the dominant species on approximately 85% of the landscape. The impact of the outbreak on forest structure and composition varied considerably among the five forest types, suggesting that post-epidemic forest developmental trajectories will vary according to pre-outbreak stand characteristics. Active management efforts to regenerate lodgepole pine forests, e.g., tree planting, will likely not be necessary on this landscape.10aDendroctonus ponderosae1 aDiskin, Matthew1 aRocca, Monique, E.1 aNelson, Kellen, N.1 aAoki, Carissa, F.1 aRomme, W., H.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/forest-developmental-trajectories-mountain-pine-beetle-disturbed-forests-rocky-mountain-national-par02055nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245009100055210006900146260000800215300001400223490000700237520145100244100002701695700002101722700002401743856011801767       2012                        eng d  a0045-506700aWeevil seed damage reduces germination and seedling growth of hybrid American chestnut0 aWeevil seed damage reduces germination and seedling growth of hy  cJun  a1107-11140 v423 aSeed predation by weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) has been implicated as a limiting factor in oak recruitment throughout eastern US forests. We examined the effects of weevil seed predation on American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.). Although an introduced pathogen eradicated sexually reproducing populations of American chestnut in the early 1900s, the recent development of a blight-resistant hybrid makes reintroduction feasible. We nondestructively assessed the amount of weevil damage to seeds using X-ray imagery and traditional float test methods in American and blight-resistant hybrid chestnut. We quantified the effects of weevil damage on seed germination and seedling growth. The float test method misidentified damage for up to 50% of seeds, whereas the X-ray method misidentified only 3% of the sample. Germination declined with damage: the smallest damage level reduced germination from 94% to 32%. No seeds with >50% damage germinated. Weevil damage reduced seedling growth by 50% compared with undamaged seeds. Seedling size increased with seed size, but seed size had no effect on germination. Our results highlight the importance of orchard and seed processing practices that prevent weevil damage to chestnut seeds. Because they drastically reduce germination rates and seedling growth, weevils have the potential to limit seed regeneration and dampen rates of spread in populations following reintroduction.1 aDalgleish, Harmony, J.1 aShukle, John, T.1 aSwihart, Robert, K.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/weevil-seed-damage-reduces-germination-and-seedling-growth-hybrid-american-chestnut02218nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245015900055210006900214260001300283300001400296490000700310520144900317653002801766100002301794700002501817700002301842700002401865856013501889       2010                        eng d  a0045-506700aPost-harvest seedling recruitment following mountain pine beetle infestation of Colorado lodgepole pine stands: a comparison using historic survey records0 aPostharvest seedling recruitment following mountain pine beetle   cDecember  a2452-24560 v403 aThe extent and severity of overstory lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex Wats.) mortality from mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) has created management concerns associated with forest regeneration, wildfire risk, human safety, and scenic, wildlife, and watershed resources in western North America. Owing to the unprecedented nature of the outbreak and associated management in the southern Rocky Mountains, it is unknown if the forests that regenerate after this current period of extensive change will differ from those that regenerated in the past. Here, we compare the density and species composition of post-harvest seedling recruits in pre-outbreak (1980-1996) and outbreak stands (2002-2007). Lodgepole pine accounted for more than 95% of post-harvest seedling recruitment and the density of seedlings colonizing clearcuts was equal during both the pre-outbreak and outbreak periods. Compared with harvested areas, the density of tree regeneration was 75% lower in uncut forests and was more evenly distributed among subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) and lodgepole pine. This comparison provides evidence that the density of seedling recruitment will be at least as high after extensive pine beetle caused mortality as under healthy, pre-outbreak conditions and that the species composition of stands regenerating after this outbreak will differ between treated and untreated areas.10aDendroctonus ponderosae1 aCollins, Byron, J.1 aRhoades, Charles, C.1 aUnderhill, Jeffery1 aHubbard, Robert, M.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/post-harvest-seedling-recruitment-following-mountain-pine-beetle-infestation-colorado-lodgepole-pine02372nas a2200193   4500008004500000020001400045245010500059210006900164260000900233300001400242490000700256520167300263653002701936100002001963700002401983700002202007700001902029856013002048       2008                        Engldsh    a0045-506700aForest composition following overstory mortality from southern pine beetle and associated treatments0 aForest composition following overstory mortality from southern p  cJune  a1406-14180 v383 aBark beetle caused mortality continues to play a critical role in determining the composition and structure of forests in North America, and revegetation dynamics following these disturbances are poorly understood. We assessed forest composition following southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, mortality and associated cut and leave suppression, and compared them with undisturbed loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., stands in Texas. Abundant hardwood regeneration dominated the understory, with little loblolly pine regeneration following either mortality event. Disturbances eliminated loblolly pine dominance in these even-aged stands, thus stratifying forest structure and apparently increasing stem density (stems[center dot]ha[long dash]1), richness (species[center dot]ha[long dash]1), and diversity (ha) in the lower strata. Aspect and elevation, presumably through influences on site moisture, were the primary gradients associated with vegetation variation in the canonical correspondence analyses for new regeneration. Mortality from Dendroctonus and cut and leave practices shifted loblolly pine communities to mixed upland hardwoods in model predictions generated by the southern variant of the Forest Vegetation Simulator. In addition to being an effective bark beetle control, cut and leave suppression did not alter predicted forest composition 50 years hence when compared with unsuppressed bark beetle-caused mortality. Because of the predicted shift to hardwood domination and a low pine basal area, it is expected that mortality from D. frontalis and cut and leave will substantially reduce future hazards from D. frontalis outbreaks.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aColeman, T., W.1 aClarke, Stephen, R.1 aMeeker, James, R.1 aRieske, L., K.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/forest-composition-following-overstory-mortality-southern-pine-beetle-and-associated-treatments02390nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245013400055210006900189260000800258300001400266490000700280520162500287653002801912100002101940700002201961700002001983700002302003700002302026856013502049       2011                        eng d  a0045-506700aEfficacy of tree defense physiology varies with bark beetle population density: a basis for positive feedback in eruptive species0 aEfficacy of tree defense physiology varies with bark beetle popu  cJun  a1174-11880 v413 aWe evaluated the ability of constitutive and inducible defenses to protect trees and restrict herbivore reproduction across the endemic, incipient (i.e., transitory), and eruptive phases of a native bark beetle species. Host defenses were major constraints when mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) populations were low, but inconsequential after stand-level densities surpassed a critical threshold. We annually examined all lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia) in six 12-18 ha stands for 3-6 years for beetle attack and establishment as beetle densities progressed through various population phases. We also assayed a suite of tree physiological and chemical attributes and related them to subsequent attacks during that year. Rapidly inducible defenses appeared more important than constitutive defenses, and total monoterpenes were more important than particular constituents. Trees that exude more resin and accumulate higher monoterpene concentrations in response to simulated attack largely escaped natural attacks when populations were low. In stands where beetles had reached incipient densities, these defenses were ineffective. Larger diameter trees had more pronounced defenses than smaller diameter trees. As populations increased, beetles selected increasingly larger, more resource-rich trees, despite their better defenses. When populations were too low for cooperative attack, beetles exploited trees weakened by lower-stem insects. Behavioral plasticity allows beetles to persist at endemic levels until conditions shift, after which positive feedbacks predominate.10aDendroctonus ponderosae1 aBoone, Celia, K.1 aAukema, Brian, H.1 aBohlmann, Joerg1 aCarroll, Allan, L.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/efficacy-tree-defense-physiology-varies-bark-beetle-population-density-basis-positive-feedback-erupt02386nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245015300055210006900208260000800277300001200285490000700297520170900304653002802013100001502041700002502056856013502081       2012                        eng d  a0045-506700aWhy mountain pine beetle exacerbates a principal-agent relationship: exploring strategic policy responses to beetle attack in a mixed species forest0 aWhy mountain pine beetle exacerbates a principalagent relationsh  cMar  a621-6300 v423 aThe management of public forestland is often carried out by private forest companies, in which case the landowner needs to exercise care in dealing with catastrophic natural disturbance. We use the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, 1902) damage in British Columbia to explore how the public resource owner can protect future timber supply while salvaging damaged stands. We examine the variability and timing of beetle attack in a mixed species forest using mathematical programming to schedule harvest but employ the novel strategy of maximizing the timber portfolio at the end of the 20 year time horizon rather than net present value. Various financial and even-flow constraints insure a modicum of stability during the salvage period. We also model supply of adequate feedstock for electricity generation. Based on our study, the optimal short-run response to beetle damage is to increase harvests in stands with 70% or more lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) that would otherwise be uneconomic to harvest, similar to operational practice reported by the BC government. The government could focus on stable supply of individual forest products over the time horizon, thereby also stabilizing short-term revenues. Alternatively, it could emphasize an even-flow of total harvest to greatly enhance revenues (which also exhibit greater volatility) and rely more heavily on future harvests of damaged timber. Regardless of the strategy chosen, optimizing future timber supply potential means that a large proportion (about 25% in this study) of damaged pine is left for future harvest, although it will not be of sufficient quality to produce lumber.10aDendroctonus ponderosae1 aBogle, Tim1 avan Kooten, Cornelis  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/why-mountain-pine-beetle-exacerbates-principal-agent-relationship-exploring-strategic-policy-respons02035nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245016700055210006900222260000800291300001200299490000700311520134300318653002801661100002201689700001901711856013501730       2009                        eng d  a0045-506700aDiameter of lodgepole pine and mortality caused by the mountain pine beetle: factors that influence their relationship and applicability for susceptibility rating0 aDiameter of lodgepole pine and mortality caused by the mountain   cMay  a908-9160 v393 a<p>During outbreaks the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) kills large lodgepole pine trees (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) more frequently than smaller ones. There is, however, considerable variation in the relation of diameter to incidence of attack. In a meta- analysis of published data we found that the relationship was primarily determined by geographic location (elevation, latitude, and longitude). We propose a new tree mortality measure, the probability of death index, defined as the average percentage of mortality for trees &gt;23 cm. The index may improve the precision in predictive modeling of tree mortality, as it provides a biologically relevant measure of mortality, since it only includes trees that contribute to the growth of an epidemic and is not influenced by the number of trees within a diameter class. To be useful to forest managers, it must be possible to predict the index from stand parameters that are easily meas- ured. The usefulness of the index was supported by a meta- analysis, which showed that 53% of the variation in the mortal- ity index was explained by geographic location. Tree density did not explain any additional variation. Future research is needed to evaluate the performance of the probability of death index compared with that of other mortality measures.</p>
10aDendroctonus ponderosae1 aBjorklund, Niklas1 aLindgren, B.S.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/diameter-lodgepole-pine-and-mortality-caused-mountain-pine-beetle-factors-influence-their-relationsh02404nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245011600055210006900171260000900240300001400249490000700263520168700270653001701957100001801974700001901992700001602011700002002027700001802047856013302065       2009                        eng d  a0045-506700aEffects of symbiotic bacteria and tree chemistry on the growth and reproduction of bark beetle fungal symbionts0 aEffects of symbiotic bacteria and tree chemistry on the growth a  cJune  a1133-11470 v393 aBark beetles are associated with diverse assemblages of microorganisms, many of which affect their interactions with host plants and natural enemies. We tested how bacterial associates of three bark beetles with various types of host relationships affect growth and reproduction of their symbiotic fungi. Fungi were exposed to volatiles from bacteria in an arena that imposed physical separation but shared airspace. We also exposed fungi to vapors of the host compound, [alpha]-pinene, and to combinations of bacterial volatiles and [alpha]-pinene. Bacterial volatiles commonly stimulated growth of Leptographium procerum (W. B. Kendr.) M. J. Wingf. and Grosmannia clavigera (Rob.- Jeffr. & R.W. Davidson) Zipfel, Z.W. de Beer & Wingf., which are symbiotic fungi of Dendroctonus valens LeConte and Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, respectively. They less commonly stimulated growth of Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf., which is associated with Ips grandicollis Eichhoff. Some bacteria inhibited L. procerum, Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx (another associate of D. ponderosae), and O. ips. Bacteria greatly stimulated spore production of symbionts of D. valens and D. ponderosae. [alpha]-Pinene strongly affected some of these relationships, causing amplification, reduction, or reversal of the interactions among the bacteria and fungi. Our results show that some bacteria associated with bark beetles directly affect fungal symbionts and interact with tree chemistry to affect fungal growth and sporulation. The strongest effects were induced by bacteria associated with beetles adapted to attacking living trees with vigorous defenses, and on fungal reproductive structures.10aDendroctonus1 aAdams, A., S.1 aCurrie, C., R.1 aCardoza, Y.1 aKlepzig, K., D.1 aRaffa, K., F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effects-symbiotic-bacteria-and-tree-chemistry-growth-and-reproduction-bark-beetle-fungal-symbionts01987nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245007600055210006900131260001200200300001400212490000700226520137000233653002701603100002201630700002801652700002301680856010201703       2007                        eng d  a0045-506700aWhy does longleaf pine have low susceptibility to southern pine beetle?0 aWhy does longleaf pine have low susceptibility to southern pine   cOctober  a1966-19770 v373 aPine forests throughout the world are subject to disturbance from tree-killing bark beetles, but pine species differ in their susceptibilities. In the southeastern United States, Pinus palustris Mill. suffers far less mortality from the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, than do its sympatric congeners. We tested the commonly invoked hypothesis that P. palustris has relatively low susceptibility because it has higher oleoresin flow than other pines, especially Pinus taeda L. However, seven studies in three states over 6 years refuted the hypothesis that P. palustris and P. taeda differ in their constitutive resin flow or in their capacity to replace resin depleted by either experimental wounding or natural beetle attacks. Additionally, surveys of natural beetle attacks revealed that P. taeda and P. palustris were equally likely to be attacked and killed when they cooccurred in front of growing infestations. Thus, the relative susceptibility of these two species changes with the spatial scale at which they are mixed, and the strong landscape-scale pattern of low mortality in P. palustris is not because individual trees are physiologically less susceptible. Ultimately, the conspicuous differential impact of D. frontalis on P. taeda and P. palustris may be the product of coevolution between tree defenses and beetle behavior.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aMartinson, Sharon1 aHofstetter, Richard, W.1 aAyres, Matthew, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/why-does-longleaf-pine-have-low-susceptibility-southern-pine-beetle01974nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245011300055210006900168260001000237300001200247490000700259520133500266653002801601100002401629700001801653856013301671       2010                        eng d  a0045-506700aAssessing forest management strategies under a mountain pine beetle attack in Alberta: exploring the impacts0 aAssessing forest management strategies under a mountain pine bee  cApril  a597-6100 v403 aWe explore how forest resource managers can respond to a potential outbreak of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, 1902) by assessing how well different forest management strategies achieve various management objectives over time. Strategies include targeting at-risk stands as well as increasing harvest levels. Outcomes are evaluated on the basis of volume flows, net revenues, and the age class structure of the ending inventory. We use a spatially and temporally explicit model to simulate forest management outcomes and consider two different scenarios, one in which the attack occurs early and one where it is delayed. The model utilizes a planning with recourse approach in which the firm can reevaluate its harvesting schedule following the attack. We use company data from west-central Alberta for a 40-year planning exercise. The timing of the attack resulted in small differences in timber supply. However, most strategies performed better financially under an early attack, which limits the harvest of marginal stands. Increasing harvest levels performed better in economic terms but resulted in a very young growing stock with little old forest. The success of any strategy is linked to the timing of the attack and how it affects the growing stock, subsequently impacting timber and revenue flows.10aDendroctonus ponderosae1 aMathey, Anne-Helene1 aNelson, Harry  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/assessing-forest-management-strategies-under-mountain-pine-beetle-attack-alberta-exploring-impacts02690nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245017900055210006900234260001200303300001200315490000700327520186300334653002402197100002202221700002102243700002102264700001802285700001602303700001802319856013502337       2007                        eng d  a0045-506700aThe introduced bark beetles Hylurgus ligniperda and Hylastes ater (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Chile: seasonal flight and effect of Pinus radiata log placement on colonization0 aintroduced bark beetles Hylurgus ligniperda and Hylastes ater Co  cJanuary  a156-1690 v373 aThe seasonal flight of Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabr.) and Hylastes ater (Paykull) and the effect of log placement in Pinus radiata D. Don plantations on colonization by these species in Chile are described. Seasonal flight activity was monitored with [alpha]-pinene and ethanol-baited traps at three sites and colonization synchrony with trap logs. In two experiments with individual logs and log decks, data were recorded on adults found under the logs, attacks on the bark surface, and adults beneath the bark of logs in three storage treatments: individual logs and log decks (1) touching the soil; (2) elevated above the soil; and (3) touching other logs (individual logs) or logs separated with spacers (log decks). Each treatment was replicated in a plantation and a clearcut. At San Jose (region IX) and Pena Blanca (region VIII), H. ligniperda flew primarily in spring and H. ater flew in spring and fall. At Brasil (region VIII), H. ligniperda and H. ater flew primarily in summer through fall. The flight of H. ligniperda was more synchronized with colonization of logs than was that of H. ater. The mean number of attacks was significantly higher on individual logs and log decks stored on the soil than on those elevated above the soil, and significantly higher in the clearcut than in the plantation. Mean numbers of adults beneath the bark did not vary significantly among individual-log treatments, but were significantly lower in the log decks separated by spacers. Logging during nondispersal periods (June-August in regions VIII-X) and storing log decks above the soil could reduce beetle colonization of newly cut logs. With this information, management of recently cut logs (harvesting, transport, and storage operations) could be scheduled and executed so as to reduce the risk of these species being introduced into log-importing countries10aHylurgus ligniperda1 aMausel, David, L.1 aGara, Robert, I.1 aLanfranco, Dolly1 aRuiz, Cecilia1 aIde, Sandra1 aAzat, Rodrigo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/introduced-bark-beetles-hylurgus-ligniperda-and-hylastes-ater-coleoptera-scolytidae-chile-seasonal-f01902nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245006900055210006700124260000800191300001200199490000700211520130700218653002801525100002601553700002201579700002501601856009401626       2012                        eng d  a0045-506700aRisk, knowledge, and trust in managing forest insect disturbance0 aRisk knowledge and trust in managing forest insect disturbance  cApr  a710-7190 v423 aUnderstanding perceptions of risks, awareness, and trust in management agencies is critical to effective management of large-scale forest insect disturbance. In this study, we examined regional variation in public perceptions of risk, compared public and land managers' perceptions, and examined knowledge and trust as factors in shaping public perceptions of a mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) infestation. Survey data were collected from residents (n = 1303) in three regions of Alberta and from land managers (n = 43) responsible for MPB management. Results showed that residents had moderate or great concern for MBP risks, they were not well informed about MPB, and they showed slight trust in the provincial government and forest industry to manage the beetle. There was regional variation in perceptions of risks, knowledge, and trust. Land managers were less concerned about nontimber effects and had higher trust than the public. A positive correlation between trust and risk perceptions appears to contradict the risk literature. This relationship may be influenced by an intervening effect of knowledge. These results call for more attention to the content of risk messaging and the effects of trust and knowledge on the general public who take up these messages.10aDendroctonus ponderosae1 aMcFarlane, Bonita, L.1 aParkins, John, R.1 aWatson, David, O. T.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/risk-knowledge-and-trust-managing-forest-insect-disturbance00625nas a2200169   4500008004500000020001400045245009100059210006900150260001000219300001200229490000700241653002700248100002500275700002100300700002300321856011100344       2002                        Engldsh    a0045-506700aDistribution and abundance of Cryptorhynchus lapathi on Salix spp. in British Columbia0 aDistribution and abundance of Cryptorhynchus lapathi on Salix sp  cMarch  a561-5680 v3210aCryptorhynchus lapathi1 aBroberg, Cynthia, L.1 aBorden, John, H.1 aHumble, Leland, M.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/distribution-and-abundance-cryptorhynchus-lapathi-salix-spp-british-columbia