02936nas a2200145   4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260000900210300001200219490000800231520238300239100002202622700002802644856011802672       2011                        eng d00aFrom Attack to Emergence: Interactions between Southern Pine Beetle, Mites, Microbes, and Trees0 aFrom Attack to Emergence Interactions between Southern Pine Beet  c2011  a141-1520 v1403 aBark beetles are among the most ecologically and economically influential organisms in forest ecosystems worldwide. These important organisms are consistently associated in complex symbioses with fungi. Despite this, little is known of the net impacts of the fungi on their vectors, and mites are often completely overlooked. In this chapter, we will describe interactions involving the southern pine beetle (SPB), among the most economically damaging of North American forest insects. We examine SPB interactions with mites, fungi, and other microbes, following the natural temporal progression from beetle attack to offspring emergence from trees. Associations with fungi are universal within bark beetles. Many beetle species possess specialized structures, termed mycangia, for the transport of fungi. The SPB consistently carries three main fungi and numerous mites into the trees it attacks. One fungus, Ophiostoma minus, is carried phoretically on the SPB exoskeleton and by phoretic mites. The mycangium of each female SPB may contain a pure culture of either Ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus or Tntomocorticiumr sp. A. The mycangial fungi are, by definition, transferred in a specific fashion. The SPB possesses two types of gland cells associated with the mycangium. The role of these cells and their products remains unknown. Preliminary studies have observed yeast-like fungal spores in the mycangium and several surrounding tubes that presumably carry secreted chemicals from gland cells (or bacteria) to the mycangium. The degree to which there is selective activity of the glandular chemical secretions remains to be seen. While O. minus may play some role in tree killing, none of these three fungi are highly virulent in their pine hosts. All three fungi grow within the phloem, sporulating heavily in beetle tunnels within which the SPB larvae graze. Though their ecological roles arc complex and context-dependent, these three fungi can be divided into an antagonist (O. minus) and two mutualists (both mycangial fungi, though F,ntnnmcorticium sp. A appears to be of greater benefit to the beetles than C. ranaculosus). Naturally, all three of the fungi compete for access to uncolonized pine phloem. The results of these competitions can have significant impacts on their beetle and mite hosts, and ultimately on the population dynamics of this destructive pest.1 aKlepzig, Kier, D.1 aHofstetter, Richard, W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/attack-emergence-interactions-between-southern-pine-beetle-mites-microbes-and-trees02235nas a2200229   4500008004100000020001400041245011600055210006900171260000800240300001200248490000700260520141800267653002701685653002801712100001601740700002101756700001901777700002801796700002201824700002401846856013501870       2011                        eng d  a0095-362800aPresence and Diversity of Streptomyces in Dendroctonus and Sympatric Bark Beetle Galleries Across North America0 aPresence and Diversity of Streptomyces in Dendroctonus and Sympa  cMay  a759-7680 v613 aRecent studies have revealed several examples of intimate associations between insects and Actinobacteria, including the Southern Pine Beetle Dendroctonus frontalis and the Spruce Beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis. Here, we surveyed Streptomyces Actinobacteria co-occurring with 10 species of Dendroctonus bark beetles across the United States, using both phylogenetic and community ecology approaches. From these 10 species, and 19 other scolytine beetles that occur in the same trees, we obtained 154 Streptomyces-like isolates and generated 16S sequences from 134 of those. Confirmed 16S sequences of Streptomyces were binned into 36 distinct strains using a threshold of 0.2% sequence divergence. The 16S rDNA phylogeny of all isolates does not correlate with the distribution of strains among beetle species, localities, or parts of the beetles or their galleries. However, we identified three Streptomyces strains occurring repeatedly on Dendroctonus beetles and in their galleries. Identity of these isolates was corroborated using a house-keeping gene sequence (efTu). These strains are not confined to a certain species of beetle, locality, or part of the beetle or their galleries. However, their role as residents in the woodboring insect niche is supported by the repeated association of their 16S and efTu from across the continent, and also having been reported in studies of other subcortical insects.10aDendroctonus frontalis10aDendroctonus rufipennis1 aHulcr, Jiri1 aAdams, Aaron, S.1 aRaffa, Kenneth1 aHofstetter, Richard, W.1 aKlepzig, Kier, D.1 aCurrie, Cameron, R.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/presence-and-diversity-streptomyces-dendroctonus-and-sympatric-bark-beetle-galleries-across-north-am02258nas a2200229   4500008004100000020001400041245012400055210006900179260000900248300001100257490000700268520144800275653001301723100002201736700002701758700002601785700002501811700002201836700001901858700002301877856012801900       2007                        eng d  a0334-511400aComposition of the bacterial community in the gut of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera) colonizing red pine0 aComposition of the bacterial community in the gut of the pine en  c2007  a97-1040 v433 aThe gut bacterial community of a bark beetle, the pine engraver Ips pini (Say), was characterized using culture-dependent and culture- independent methods. Bacteria from individual guts of larvae, pupae and adults were cultured and DNA was extracted from samples of pooled larval guts. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences amplified directly from the gut community suggests that the gut bacterial communities associated with I. pini are relatively simple, compared to many other systems. Six bacterial genera from four classes were detected by culturing gut bacteria from larvae, pupae and adults. Two genera, Pantoea and Stenotrophomonas ([gamma]-Proteobacteria) were found in all life stages of I. pini, consistently in larvae and adults, and less commonly in pupae. Sequences that affiliate with the Enterobactereaceae of the [gamma]-Proteobacteria were found in 95% of the clones sampled. The Enterobactereaceae genera, Pantoea and Erwinia, accounted for 88% of all clone sequences. These results are consistent with previous work indicating that another bark beetle, the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, also has a relatively simple gut flora, compared with wood colonizing insects such as wood borers and termites. The composition and abundance of bacteria associated with different life stages of I. pini are possibly associated with specific functions of the gut bacterial communities of larvae, pupae, and adults10aIps pini1 aDelalibera, Italo1 aVasanthakumar, Archana1 aBurwitz, Benjamin, J.1 aSchloss, Patrick, D.1 aKlepzig, Kier, D.1 aHandelsman, Jo1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/composition-bacterial-community-gut-pine-engraver-ips-pini-say-coleoptera-colonizing-red-pine00368nas a2200133   4500008004100000245002800041210002800069260000900097300001600106490000800122100002400130700002200154856005800176       2011                        eng d00aSouthern Pine Beetle II0 aSouthern Pine Beetle II  c2011  ai-vi, 1-5140 v1401 aCoulson, Robert, N.1 aKlepzig, Kier, D.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/southern-pine-beetle-ii02333nas a2200193   4500008004500000020001400045245010500059210006900164260001100233300001200244490000700256520163200263653002801895100002401923700002001947700002201967700002301989856012702012       2008                        Engldsh    a0046-225X00aMultipartite symbioses among fungi, mites, nematodes, and the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis0 aMultipartite symbioses among fungi mites nematodes and the spruc  cAugust  a956-9630 v373 aThe spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis, is an eruptive forest pest of significant economic and ecological importance. D. rufipennis has symbiotic associations with a number of microorganisms, especially the ophiostomatoid fungus Leptographium abietinum. The nature of this interaction is only partially understood. Additionally, mite and nematode associates can mediate bark beetle-fungal interactions, but this has not yet been studied for spruce beetles. In this study, we found eight mite species associated with spruce beetles: Tarsonemus ips, T. endophloeus, Histiogaster arborsignis, Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus, Proctolaelaps hytricoides, Trichouropoda alascae, T. n. sp. nr dalarenaensis, and Urobovella n. sp 767. The most prevalent species was H. arborsignis. In addition, 75% of beetles examined carried nematodes, with six species represented. These included a new species of Parasitorhabditis, Ektaphelenchus obtusus, Bursaphelenchus n. sp. 727, Aphelenchoides n. sp., Panagrolaimus sp., and Mykoletzkya ruminis. H. arborsignis showed strong feeding and oviposition preferences for L. abietinum among four fungal species tested in laboratory assays. Information on our attempts to culture the various nematode species collected from D. rufipennis is also provided. Bursaphelenchus were cultured from D. rufipennis nematangia plated on agar containing L. abietinum but not sterile agar, Thus, L. abietinum plays an important role in these gallery communities, affecting the tree-killing bark beetle, its phoretic mites, and nematodes. These data add to our understanding of bark beetle-microorganism interactions.10aDendroctonus rufipennis1 aCardoza, Yasmin, J.1 aMoser, John, C.1 aKlepzig, Kier, D.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/multipartite-symbioses-among-fungi-mites-nematodes-and-spruce-beetle-dendroctonus-rufipennis02219nas a2200241   4500008004500000020001400045245012000059210006900179260001000248300001200258490000700270520136700277653002701644100002201671700002301693700002201716700002201738700002401760700002201784700002101806700001501827856013501842       2008                        Engldsh    a0921-297300aSimulating the reciprocal interaction of forest landscape structure and southern pine beetle herbivory using LANDIS0 aSimulating the reciprocal interaction of forest landscape struct  cApril  a403-4150 v233 aThe reciprocal interaction of landscape structure and ecological processes is a cornerstone of modern landscape ecology. We use a simulation model to show how landscape structure and herbivory interact to influence outbreaks of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) in a landscape representative of the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. We use LANDIS and its biological disturbance agent module to simulate the effects of landscape composition (proportion of landscape in host area) and host aggregation on the size and severity of insect outbreaks and the persistence of the host species, Table Mountain Pine (Pinus pungens Lamb.). We find that landscape composition is less important in the modeled landscapes than host aggregation in structuring the severity of insect outbreaks. Also, simulated southern pine beetle outbreaks over time tend to decrease the aggregation of host species on the landscape by fragmenting large patches into smaller ones, thereby reducing the severity of future outbreaks. Persistence of Table Mountain pine decreases throughout all simulations regardless of landscape structure. The results of this study indicate that when considering alternative restoration strategies for insect-affected landscapes, it is necessary to consider the patterns of hosts on the landscape as well as the landscape composition.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aCairns, David, M.1 aLafon, Charles, W.1 aWaldron, John, D.1 aTchakerian, Maria1 aCoulson, Robert, N.1 aKlepzig, Kier, D.1 aBirt, Andrew, G.1 aXi, Weimin  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/simulating-reciprocal-interaction-forest-landscape-structure-and-southern-pine-beetle-herbivory-usin02763nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245015000055210006900205260000800274300001400282490000700296520208200303100002902385700002202414700002202436856013502458       2011                        eng d  a0340-544300aCosts of delayed dispersal and alloparental care in the fungus-cultivating ambrosia beetle Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff (Scolytinae: Curculionidae)0 aCosts of delayed dispersal and alloparental care in the funguscu  cSep  a1753-17610 v653 aBody reserves may determine the reproductive output of animals, depending on their resource allocation strategy. In insects, an accumulation of reserves for reproduction is often obtained before dispersal by pre-emergence (or maturation) feeding. This has been assumed to be an important cause of delayed dispersal from the natal nest in scolytine beetles. In the cooperatively breeding ambrosia beetles, this is of special interest because in this group delayed dispersal could serve two alternative purposes: "selfish" maturation feeding or "altruistic" alloparental care. To distinguish between these two possibilities, we have experimentally studied the effect of delayed dispersal on future reproductive output in the xyleborine ambrosia beetle Xyleborus affinis. Females experimentally induced to disperse and delayed dispersing females did not differ in their body condition at dispersal and in their founding success afterwards, which indicates that females disperse independently of condition, and staying adult females are fully mature and would be able to breed. However, induced dispersers produced more offspring than delayed dispersers within a test period of 40 days. This suggests that delayed dispersal comes at a cost to females, which may result primarily from alloparental care and leads to a reduced reproductive output. Alternatively, females might have reproduced prior to dispersal. This is unlikely, however, for the majority of dispersing females because of the small numbers of offspring present in the gallery when females dispersed, suggesting that mainly the foundress had reproduced. In addition, "gallery of origin" was a strong predictor of the reproductive success of females, which may reflect variation in the microbial complex transmitted vertically from the natal nest to the daughter colony, or variation of genetic quality. These results have important implications for the understanding of proximate mechanisms selecting for philopatry and alloparental care in highly social ambrosia beetles and other cooperatively breeding arthropods.1 aBiedermann, Peter, H. W.1 aKlepzig, Kier, D.1 aTaborsky, Michael  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/costs-delayed-dispersal-and-alloparental-care-fungus-cultivating-ambrosia-beetle-xyleborus-affinis-e02617nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245011300055210006900168260001100237300001400248490000700262520194300269653001502212100002902227700002202256700002202278856013502300       2009                        eng d  a0046-225X00aFungus cultivation by ambrosia beetles: behavior and laboratory breeding success in three xyleborine species0 aFungus cultivation by ambrosia beetles behavior and laboratory b  cAugust  a1096-11050 v383 aFungus cultivation by ambrosia beetles is one of the four independently evolved cases of agriculture known in animals. Such cultivation is most advanced in the highly social subtribe Xyleborina (Scolytinae), which is characterized by haplodiploidy and extreme levels of inbreeding. Despite their ubiquity in forests worldwide, the behavior of these beetles remains poorly understood. This may be in part because of their cryptic life habits within the wood of trees. Here we present data obtained by varying a laboratory breeding technique based on artificial medium inside glass tubes, which enables behavioral observations. We studied species of the three most widespread genera of Xyleborina in the temperate zone: Xyleborus, Xyleborinus, and Xylosandrus. We raised several generations of each species with good breeding success in two types of media. The proportion of females of Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg producing offspring within 40 d depended significantly on founder female origin, which shows a transgenerational effect. Labor-intensive microbial sterilization techniques did not increase females' breeding success relative to a group of females shortly treated with ethanol. Gallery productivity measured as the mean number of mature offspring produced after 40 d varied between species and was weakly affected by the type of medium used and foundress origin (field or laboratory) in X. saxesenii, whereas different preparation mid sterilization techniques of the beetles had no effect. Behavioral observations showed the time course of different reproductive stages and enabled to obtain detailed behavioral inflammation in all species studied. We propose that the laboratory techniques we describe here are suited for extensive studies of sociality mid modes of agriculture in the xyleborine ambrosia beetles, which may yield important insights into the evolution of fungal agriculture and advanced social organization.10aXyleborina1 aBiedermann, Peter, H. W.1 aKlepzig, Kier, D.1 aTaborsky, Michael  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/fungus-cultivation-ambrosia-beetles-behavior-and-laboratory-breeding-success-three-xyleborine-specie