02381nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245011400055210006900169260000900238300001400247490000700261520166000268100002201928700002801950700002501978700002302003700002602026856013502052       2007                        eng d  a0962-108300aPhylogeography of spruce beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in North America0 aPhylogeography of spruce beetles Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby C  cJune  a2560-25730 v163 aTree-feeding insects that are widespread in north temperate regions are excellent models for studying how past glaciations have impacted differentiation and speciation. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and allele frequencies at nine microsatellite loci to examine genetic population structure across the current range of the spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis), an economically important insect in North America. Two major haplotype groups occur across northern North America, from Newfoundland to Alaska, on white spruce (Picea glauca), and a third distinctive haplotype group occurs throughout the Rocky Mountains on Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii). The two mtDNA lineages found in northern populations are 3-4% divergent from each other and from the lineages found in the Rocky Mountains. Analyses of microsatellite data also suggest the existence of major population groupings associated with different geographical regions. In the Pacific Northwest, concordant contact zones for genetically distinct populations of spruce beetles and their principal hosts appear to reflect recent secondary contact. Although we could detect no evidence of historical mtDNA gene flow between allopatric population groups, patterns of variation in the Pacific Northwest suggest recent hybridization and introgression. Together with the pollen record for spruce, they also suggest that beetles have spread from at least three glacial refugia. A minimum estimate of divergence time between the Rocky Mountain and northern populations was 1.7 Myr (million years), presumably reflecting the combined effects of isolation during multiple glacial cycles.1 aMaroja, Luana, S.1 aBogdanowicz, Steven, M.1 aWallin, Kimberly, F.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.1 aHarrison, Richard, G.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/phylogeography-spruce-beetles-dendroctonus-rufipennis-kirby-curculionidae-scolytinae-north-america-002379nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245011400055210006900169260000900238300001400247490000700261520166000268100002201928700002801950700002501978700002302003700002602026856013302052       2007                        eng d  a0962-108300aPhylogeography of spruce beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in North America0 aPhylogeography of spruce beetles Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby C  cJune  a2560-25730 v163 aTree-feeding insects that are widespread in north temperate regions are excellent models for studying how past glaciations have impacted differentiation and speciation. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and allele frequencies at nine microsatellite loci to examine genetic population structure across the current range of the spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis), an economically important insect in North America. Two major haplotype groups occur across northern North America, from Newfoundland to Alaska, on white spruce (Picea glauca), and a third distinctive haplotype group occurs throughout the Rocky Mountains on Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii). The two mtDNA lineages found in northern populations are 3-4% divergent from each other and from the lineages found in the Rocky Mountains. Analyses of microsatellite data also suggest the existence of major population groupings associated with different geographical regions. In the Pacific Northwest, concordant contact zones for genetically distinct populations of spruce beetles and their principal hosts appear to reflect recent secondary contact. Although we could detect no evidence of historical mtDNA gene flow between allopatric population groups, patterns of variation in the Pacific Northwest suggest recent hybridization and introgression. Together with the pollen record for spruce, they also suggest that beetles have spread from at least three glacial refugia. A minimum estimate of divergence time between the Rocky Mountain and northern populations was 1.7 Myr (million years), presumably reflecting the combined effects of isolation during multiple glacial cycles.1 aMaroja, Luana, S.1 aBogdanowicz, Steven, M.1 aWallin, Kimberly, F.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.1 aHarrison, Richard, G.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/phylogeography-spruce-beetles-dendroctonus-rufipennis-kirby-curculionidae-scolytinae-north-america02968nas a2200217   4500008004500000020001400045245024200059210006900301260000900370300001200379490000700391520205800398653002802456100002102484700002802505700002002533700001502553700002302568700002402591856013502615       2008                        Engldsh    a1388-554500aBursaphelenchus rufipennis n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchinae) and redescription of Ektaphelenchus obtusus (Nematoda: Ektaphelenchinae), associates from nematangia on the hind wings of Dendroctonus rufipennis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)0 aBursaphelenchus rufipennis n sp Nematoda Parasitaphelenchinae an  c2008  a925-9550 v103 aTwo species of aphelench, Bursaphelenchus rufipennis n. sp. and Ektaphelenchus obtusus, were isolated from the 'nematangia', cocoon-like structures found at the base of the hind wings of Dendroctonus rufipennis. The nematangia contained adult females of E. obtusus and the dauer juveniles of B. rufipennis n. sp. Only B. rufipennis n. sp. could be cultured on Monilinia fructicola on LGPDA (lactic acid-treated, glycerol-supplemented, potato dextrose agar). The new species of Bursaphelenchus is described and figured and some additional morphological characters are ascribed to E. obtusus, E. josephi, E. sandiaensis, E. smaelus (= E. prolobos) and E. terebranus after examination of type and/or voucher specimens. Bursaphelenchus rufipennis n. sp. has an adult body length of ca 500-1000 [mu]m, medium a ratios (ca 25-38 for females and ca 30-40 for males), b ratios of ca 8-13 (female) and 7-11 (male), c ratios of ca 15-22 (female and male), c' ratios of ca 3-4 (female) and ca 2-3 (male), and is characterised by three incisures in the lateral field, mitten-shaped spicules and a conical female tail that curves ventrally and possesses a variable tail tip. The new species is morphologically closest to B. corneolus, B. curvicaudatus, B. gerberae, B. paracorneolus and B. talonus. Morphological examination of type and/or voucher specimens of five Ektaphelenchus species revealed coarse transverse body annulation and three pairs of male caudal papillae (except for the two species where males are not described). Clear typological differences were observed among these five Ektaphelenchus species in the structure of the lip region, presence/absence of stylet knobs and male spicule morphology. Although these characters have not been consistently documented in the past, they may be diagnostic for species in the genus. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on SSU and D2/D3 LSU sequences revealed that B. rufipennis n. sp. was closest to B. paracorneolus and that E. obtusus was closest to species of Ektaphelenchoides and a Cryptaphelenchus sp.10aDendroctonus rufipennis1 aKanzaki, Natsumi1 aGiblin-Davis, Robin, M.1 aCardoza, Yasmin1 aYe, Weimin1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.1 aCenter, Barbara, J.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/bursaphelenchus-rufipennis-n-sp-nematoda-parasitaphelenchinae-and-redescription-ektaphelenchus-obtus02354nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245010900055210006900164260000800233300001200241490000700253520165500260100002701915700002201942700002101964700002301985700002602008856012602034       2010                        eng d  a1461-955500aPerformance of the invasive weevil Polydrusus sericeus is influenced by atmospheric CO2 and host species0 aPerformance of the invasive weevil Polydrusus sericeus is influe  cAug  a285-2920 v123 aNatural forest systems constitute a major portion of the world's land area, and are subject to the potentially negative effects of both global climate change and invasion by exotic insects. A suite of invasive weevils has become established in the northern hardwood forests of North America. How these insects will respond to increasing CO2 or O3 is unknown. The present study examined the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and O3 on the invasive weevil Polydrusus sericeus Schaller at the Aspen Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) site near Rhinelander, Wisconsin. A performance assay was conducted in the laboratory during the summer of 2007 using mated pairs of P. sericeus fed a combination of aspen, birch and maple foliage. We recorded leaf area consumption, oviposition and adult longevity. We also conducted visual abundance surveys in the field from 2004 to 2007 on aspen and birch at Aspen FACE. Elevated CO2, but not O3, significantly affected P. sericeus performance. Female, but not male, longevity was reduced under elevated CO2. Polydrusus sericeus also produced fewer eggs under elevated CO2 conditions compared with ambient conditions. Adult P. sericeus strongly preferred birch over both aspen and maple, regardless of fumigation treatment. The effects of elevated CO2 on P. sericeus populations at Aspen FACE were minimal, and varied among years and host tree species. Polydrusus sericeus abundance was significantly greater on birch than aspen. Over the long term, elevated CO2 may reduce adult female longevity and fecundity of P. sericeus. Further studies are needed to evaluate how this information may scale to ecosystem impacts.1 aHillstrom, Michael, L.1 aVigue, Leanne, M.1 aCoyle, David, R.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.1 aLindroth, Richard, L.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/performance-invasive-weevil-polydrusus-sericeus-influenced-atmospheric-co2-and-host-species02258nas a2200229   4500008004100000020001400041245012400055210006900179260000900248300001100257490000700268520144800275653001301723100002201736700002701758700002601785700002501811700002201836700001901858700002301877856012801900       2007                        eng d  a0334-511400aComposition of the bacterial community in the gut of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera) colonizing red pine0 aComposition of the bacterial community in the gut of the pine en  c2007  a97-1040 v433 aThe gut bacterial community of a bark beetle, the pine engraver Ips pini (Say), was characterized using culture-dependent and culture- independent methods. Bacteria from individual guts of larvae, pupae and adults were cultured and DNA was extracted from samples of pooled larval guts. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences amplified directly from the gut community suggests that the gut bacterial communities associated with I. pini are relatively simple, compared to many other systems. Six bacterial genera from four classes were detected by culturing gut bacteria from larvae, pupae and adults. Two genera, Pantoea and Stenotrophomonas ([gamma]-Proteobacteria) were found in all life stages of I. pini, consistently in larvae and adults, and less commonly in pupae. Sequences that affiliate with the Enterobactereaceae of the [gamma]-Proteobacteria were found in 95% of the clones sampled. The Enterobactereaceae genera, Pantoea and Erwinia, accounted for 88% of all clone sequences. These results are consistent with previous work indicating that another bark beetle, the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, also has a relatively simple gut flora, compared with wood colonizing insects such as wood borers and termites. The composition and abundance of bacteria associated with different life stages of I. pini are possibly associated with specific functions of the gut bacterial communities of larvae, pupae, and adults10aIps pini1 aDelalibera, Italo1 aVasanthakumar, Archana1 aBurwitz, Benjamin, J.1 aSchloss, Patrick, D.1 aKlepzig, Kier, D.1 aHandelsman, Jo1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/composition-bacterial-community-gut-pine-engraver-ips-pini-say-coleoptera-colonizing-red-pine02623nas a2200229   4500008004100000020001400041245010200055210006900157260001100226300001200237490000700249520182100256653002702077653002402104653002402128653002502152100002102177700002502198700002502223700002302248856012202271       2012                        eng d  a1461-955500aVariable host phenology does not pose a barrier to invasive weevils in a northern hardwood forest0 aVariable host phenology does not pose a barrier to invasive weev  cAugust  a276-2850 v143 a1 A suite of invasive weevils has established in hardwood forests of the North American Great Lakes Region. We quantified patterns of host availability and the capacity of adults to succeed in a system with high host variability both within and between seasons in Michigan, U.S.A. 2 We quantified phenological development of foliage on three host species (sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marshall; ironwood, Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch; and raspberry, Rubus spp.). We estimated adult abundance using emergence traps and sweep net sampling over 3 years, and compared field host associations with laboratory choice assays. 3 Host plant phenology varied among species, between years, and in their interactions. The four most common weevils, Phyllobius oblongus (L.), Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller), Barypeithes pellucidus (Boheman) and Sciaphilus asperatus (Bonsdorff), emerged in early to mid-June, in approximately that order. After emergence, each species showed evidence of host preference based on their abundances on foliage. Overall, P. oblongus and B. pellucidus were most prevalent on sugar maple, P. sericeus was most prevalent on ironwood, and S. asperatus was relatively evenly distributed. Laboratory choice tests with P. oblongus and P. sericeus confirmed these preferences. 4 These four invasive species comprised over 99% of all 12 845 weevils obtained, suggesting displacement of native species. The optimal sampling methods varied among weevil species. 5 These invasive weevils contend with the highly variable conditions of their environment, and also potential phenological asynchrony, via relatively late emergence, even at the cost of lower host quality. Annual variation is greater for numbers of adults than larvae, suggesting that mortality of late instars or pupae is particularly important.10aBarypeithes pellucidus10aPhyllobius oblongus10aPolydrusus sericeus10aSciaphilus asperatus1 aCoyle, David, R.1 aMattson, William, J.1 aJordan, Michelle, S.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/variable-host-phenology-does-not-pose-barrier-invasive-weevils-northern-hardwood-forest02076nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245013500055210006900190260000800259300001400267490000700281520134200288653002401630653002401654100002101678700002501699700002301724856013501747       2010                        eng d  a0046-225X00aLaboratory Performance of Two Polyphagous Invasive Weevils on the Predominant Woody Plant Species of a Northern Hardwood Community0 aLaboratory Performance of Two Polyphagous Invasive Weevils on th  cAug  a1242-12480 v393 aA complex of invasive weevils that consume roots as larvae and foliage as adults have become established in northern hardwood forests in North America. We evaluated adults of the two most prominent species, Phyllobius oblongus and Polydrusus sericeus, for longevity, foliage consumption, and egg production on several putative hosts commonly found in this ecosystem. Adult pairs were monitored in no-choice laboratory assays for the duration of their lifespans on basswood, Tilia americana, ironwood, Ostrya virgimana, sugar maple, Acer saccharum, raspberry, Rubus spp.. or leatherwood, Dirca palustrus Overall, P sericeus lived more than twice as long as P oblongus and lived longer on all hosts. P sericeus consumed more total leaf area than P oblongus on basswood, ironwood, and raspberry, but P oblongus had a higher leaf consumption rate on sugar maple Basswood was a very good host for P sericeus Leatherwood was not a suitable host for either weevil species. The higher longevity and fecundity of P sericeus than P oblongus did not agree with that expected from population data, in that the latter species is substantially more abundant This likely reflects P oblongus' superior performance on sugar maple, the dominant flora in the study area These data provide a basis for estimating the broader impacts of adult weevil feeding.10aPhyllobius oblongus10aPolydrusus sericeus1 aCoyle, David, R.1 aMattson, William, J.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/laboratory-performance-two-polyphagous-invasive-weevils-predominant-woody-plant-species-northern-har02419nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245014700055210006900202260000800271300001400279490000700293520170900300653002402009100002102033700002502054700002302079856013502102       2010                        eng d  a0046-225X00aHost Plant Phenology Affects Performance of an Invasive Weevil, Phyllobius oblongus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in a Northern Hardwood Forest0 aHost Plant Phenology Affects Performance of an Invasive Weevil P  cOct  a1539-15440 v393 aWe investigated how host plant phenology and plant species affected longevity, reproduction, and feeding behavior of an invasive weevil. Phyllobius oblongus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is common in northern hardwood forests of the Great Lakes Region. Adults emerge in spring, feed on foliage of woody understory plants, and oviposit in the soil. Preliminary data indicate that adults often feed on sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marshall, foliage early in the season, then feed on other species such as raspberry, Rams spp. Whether this behavior reflects temporal changes in the quality of A. saccharum tissue or merely subsequent availability of later-season plants is unknown. We tested adult P. oblongus in laboratory assays using young (newly flushed) sugar maple foliage, old (2-3 wk postflush) sugar maple foliage, and raspberry foliage. Raspberry has indeterminate growth, thus always has young foliage available for herbivores. Survival, oviposition, and leaf consumption were recorded. In performance assays under no-choice conditions, mated pairs were provided one type of host foliage for the duration of their lives. In behavioral choice tests, all three host plants were provided simultaneously and leaf area consumption was compared. Adults survived longer on and consumed greater amounts of young maple and raspberry foliage than old maple foliage. P. oblongus preferred young maple foliage to old maple foliage early in the season, however, later in the growing season weevils showed less pronounced feeding preferences. These results suggest how leaf phenology, plant species composition, and feeding plasticity in host utilization may interact to affect P. oblongus population dynamics.10aPhyllobius oblongus1 aCoyle, David, R.1 aJordan, Michelle, S.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/host-plant-phenology-affects-performance-invasive-weevil-phyllobius-oblongus-coleoptera-curculionida02603nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245012000055210006900175260000800244300001200252490000800264520188400272653002602156100002102182700002502203700002302228700002302251856013502274       2011                        eng d  a0013-870300aPrior host feeding experience influences ovipositional but not feeding preference in a polyphagous insect herbivore0 aPrior host feeding experience influences ovipositional but not f  cFeb  a137-1450 v1383 aBlack vine weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), are globally-distributed polyphagous pests of many horticultural crops. We investigated how adult weevils were affected by host switching and, in particular, how host plant species nutritional and defensive chemistry affected subsequent host plant species selection and oviposition. Adults were fed one of three host plant species, blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L. (Grossulariaceae)), raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. (Rosaceae)), or strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne (Rosaceae)), throughout their pre-reproductive periods and then subjected to behavioral choice assays with these plants. Foliar chemistry differed significantly among the three host plant species. Compared to raspberry and strawberry foliage, blackcurrant foliage was 13% lower in nitrogen, 3% higher in carbon, and 28% higher in phenolic compounds. Initial host plant species had a significant effect on weevil mortality, with more weevils dying when previously fed blackcurrant (12%) than strawberry (3%) or raspberry (0%) regardless of subsequent host. Initial host plant species also affected oviposition, with weevils laying only ca. two eggs per week when previously fed blackcurrant, compared to those on raspberry or strawberry (ca. 11 and 15 eggs per week, respectively). When given a choice, weevils discriminated among host plant species and tended to oviposit on plants on which they had previously fed, even when the plant was nutritionally inferior for egg production and adult survival. In contrast, feeding behavior was only affected by the current host plant species. Feeding and oviposition were related to leaf chemistry only in blackcurrant, as leaf consumption was negatively correlated with foliar carbon and zinc concentrations, and positively correlated with foliar phosphorus and potassium concentrations.10aOtiorhynchus sulcatus1 aCoyle, David, R.1 aClark, Katherine, E.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.1 aJohnson, Scott, N.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/prior-host-feeding-experience-influences-ovipositional-not-feeding-preference-polyphagous-insect-her02424nas a2200205   4500008004100000020002500041245014700066210006900213260001200282300001000294490000800304520163200312653002701944653002401971653002401995100002102019700002002040700002302060856013502083       2011                        eng d  a0013-8746; 1938-290100aTemporal and Species Variation in Cold Hardiness Among Invasive Rhizophagous Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in a Northern Hardwood Forest0 aTemporal and Species Variation in Cold Hardiness Among Invasive   cJanuary  a59-670 v1043 aA complex of invasive rhizophagous weevils has established in North American northern hardwood forests. Little is known regarding the overwintering biology of these weevils and thus how cold hardiness and weather affect population dynamics. Field data from winter 2006-2007 showed a decline in larval abundance but an increase in larval weight of the surviving individuals. During winter 2008-2009, we examined several aspects of overwintering biology of Phyllobius oblongus (L.), Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller), and Barypeithes pellucidus (Boheman). Larvae were collected in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and transported in bulk field soil to the University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, for laboratory assays. Supercooling points (SCPs) of P. oblongus and B. pellucidus larvae not in contact with ice were highest in October and lowest in March, but SCPs of larvae that were in contact with ice did not differ among sampling dates. Larval cold tolerance increased over the winter, with 11% of P. oblongus and 40% of P. sericeus surviving 24 h at -12[degrees]C. Few B. pellucidus or P. oblongus survived 30 d at temperatures of -3.3[degrees]C or lower. Body water content increased from January to March in P. sericeus and B. pellucidus. Larval hemolymph from all species showed some thermal hysteresis and hexagonal crystal formation, indicative of low levels of antifreeze proteins or glycolipids. These subterranean-dwelling larvae are buffered from ambient winter temperatures, but our data also suggest low levels of freeze avoidance. We discuss how these overwintering strategies may affect adult population dynamics.10aBarypeithes pellucidus10aPhyllobius oblongus10aPolydrusus sericeus1 aCoyle, David, R.1 aDuman, John, G.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/temporal-and-species-variation-cold-hardiness-among-invasive-rhizophagous-weevils-coleoptera-curculi02020nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245012500055210006900180260000800249300001200257490000800269520130100277653002401578100002101602700002301623700002201646700002301668856013501691       2011                        eng d  a0013-870300aAltered GAI activity of hybrid aspen has minimal effects on the performance of a polyphagous weevil, Polydrusus sericeus0 aAltered GAI activity of hybrid aspen has minimal effects on the   cFeb  a104-1090 v1383 aGenetically modified plants can have unintended effects on herbivores, even when the transgene is not explicitly devised for pest protection. These effects may lead to altered ecological relationships in areas where transgenic plants are deployed. We tested several genetically-modified hybrid aspen clone INRA 717-IB4 (Populus tremula L. xP. alba L. (Salicaceae)) lines expressing transgenic constructs with altered gibberellic acid expression for their effects on a polyphagous insect, Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Longevity, egg production, and leaf consumption were measured in laboratory assays. Only male longevity was negatively affected by foliage from genetically modified trees, and in no case was oviposition or leaf consumption significantly altered. The importance of males in population dynamics varies among species, but we do not have evidence it is a major driver in this system. Contrary to our hypothesis of increased performance on modified foliage, adult P. sericeus were rarely affected by GM foliage, suggesting that not all genetic modifications that alter secondary metabolism in plants will necessarily have a strong effect on specific insect-plant relations, supporting the view that evaluations continue to require case by case analysis.10aPolydrusus sericeus1 aCoyle, David, R.1 aAllred, Angela, M.1 aKosola, Kevin, R.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/altered-gai-activity-hybrid-aspen-has-minimal-effects-performance-polyphagous-weevil-polydrusus-seri02333nas a2200193   4500008004500000020001400045245010500059210006900164260001100233300001200244490000700256520163200263653002801895100002401923700002001947700002201967700002301989856012702012       2008                        Engldsh    a0046-225X00aMultipartite symbioses among fungi, mites, nematodes, and the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis0 aMultipartite symbioses among fungi mites nematodes and the spruc  cAugust  a956-9630 v373 aThe spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis, is an eruptive forest pest of significant economic and ecological importance. D. rufipennis has symbiotic associations with a number of microorganisms, especially the ophiostomatoid fungus Leptographium abietinum. The nature of this interaction is only partially understood. Additionally, mite and nematode associates can mediate bark beetle-fungal interactions, but this has not yet been studied for spruce beetles. In this study, we found eight mite species associated with spruce beetles: Tarsonemus ips, T. endophloeus, Histiogaster arborsignis, Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus, Proctolaelaps hytricoides, Trichouropoda alascae, T. n. sp. nr dalarenaensis, and Urobovella n. sp 767. The most prevalent species was H. arborsignis. In addition, 75% of beetles examined carried nematodes, with six species represented. These included a new species of Parasitorhabditis, Ektaphelenchus obtusus, Bursaphelenchus n. sp. 727, Aphelenchoides n. sp., Panagrolaimus sp., and Mykoletzkya ruminis. H. arborsignis showed strong feeding and oviposition preferences for L. abietinum among four fungal species tested in laboratory assays. Information on our attempts to culture the various nematode species collected from D. rufipennis is also provided. Bursaphelenchus were cultured from D. rufipennis nematangia plated on agar containing L. abietinum but not sterile agar, Thus, L. abietinum plays an important role in these gallery communities, affecting the tree-killing bark beetle, its phoretic mites, and nematodes. These data add to our understanding of bark beetle-microorganism interactions.10aDendroctonus rufipennis1 aCardoza, Yasmin, J.1 aMoser, John, C.1 aKlepzig, Kier, D.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/multipartite-symbioses-among-fungi-mites-nematodes-and-spruce-beetle-dendroctonus-rufipennis02435nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245011200055210006900167260000800236300001200244490000800256520166300264653002801927653002801955653001301983100002401996700002702020700001802047700002302065856012902088       2009                        eng d  a0013-870300aSurvey and phylogenetic analysis of culturable microbes in the oral secretions of three bark beetle species0 aSurvey and phylogenetic analysis of culturable microbes in the o  cMay  a138-1470 v1313 aIn a recent study, we reported a previously undescribed behavior in which a bark beetle exuded oral secretions containing bacteria that have antifungal properties, and hence defend their galleries against pervasive antagonistic Hyphomycete fungi. Actinobacteria, a group known for their antibiotic properties, were the most effective against fungi that invade the spruce beetle galleries. In the present study, we describe the isolation and identification of microorganisms from oral secretions of three bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby, the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, and the pine engraver, Ips pini Say. Bacteria isolated from these three species span the major bacterial classes [alpha]-, [beta]-, and [gamma]-Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, except for D. ponderosae, which yielded no [alpha]-proteobacteria or Bacteroidetes isolates. Spruce beetles and pine engraver beetles had similar numbers of [alpha]-proteobacteria isolates, but pine engravers yielded twice as many Bacteroidetes isolates as spruce beetles. In contrast, mountain pine beetles yielded more isolates in the [beta]- and [gamma]-proteobacteria than spruce beetles and pine engravers. The highest percentage of Actinobacteria was obtained from spruce beetles, followed by pine engravers and mountain pine beetles. All of the fungal isolates obtained from the three beetle species were Ascomycetes. The greatest fungal diversity was obtained in spruce beetles, which had nine species, followed by pine engravers with five, and mountain pine beetles with one.10aDendroctonus ponderosae10aDendroctonus rufipennis10aIps pini1 aCardoza, Yasmin, J.1 aVasanthakumar, Archana1 aSuazo, Alonso1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/survey-and-phylogenetic-analysis-culturable-microbes-oral-secretions-three-bark-beetle-species02987nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245015600055210006900211260001600280300001200296490000800308520224400316653001302560100002102573700001902594700002302613700002302636856013402659       2009                        eng d  a0008-347X00aAssemblage of Hymenoptera arriving at logs colonized by Ips pini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and its microbial symbionts in western Montana0 aAssemblage of Hymenoptera arriving at logs colonized by Ips pini  cMarch-April  a172-1990 v1413 aColonization of a tree by bark beetles and their symbionts creates a new habitat for a diverse assemblage of arthropods, including competing herbivores, xylophages, fungivores, saprophages, predators, and parasitoids. Understanding these assemblages is important for evaluating, nontarget effects of various management tactics and for subsequently evaluating how changes in climate, the presence of invasive species. and altered forestry practices and land-use tenure may affect biodiversity. We characterized the assemblage of hymenopterans attracted to logs of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson (Pinaceae)) colonized by the bark beetle Ips pini (Say) and its microbial symbionts. In one experiment, the composition and relative abundances, of species arriving at hosts colonized by I. pini, and possible sources of attraction, were determined. Treatments consisted of a loo containing I. pini with its natural complement of microorganisms, a log alone, and a blank control. A second experiment was carried out to determine whether or not Hymenoptera were attracted to microbial symbionts of I. pini. Treatments consisted of a blank control, a to, alone, a lop containing L pini with its natural complement of microrganisms, either Ophiostoma ips, Burk-holderia sp., or Pichia scolyti. and a log inoculated with a combination of these three microorganisms. Over 2 years, 5163 Hymenoptera were captured, of which over 98% were parasitoids. Braconidae, Platygastridae, Encyrtidae. Pteromalidae, and Ichneumonidae were the most abundant. Seven known species of bark beetle parasitoids (all Pteromalidae) were captured. However. parasitoids of Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera. and non-wood-boring Coleoptera were also common. Nineteen species showed preferential attraction to host plants infested with I. pini and its complement of microorganisms, host plants inoculated with I. pini microbial symbionts, or host plants alone. Interestingly, many of these species were parasitoids of phytophagous, fungivorous, and saprophytic insects rather than of bark beetles themselves. These results Suggest that a diverse assemblage of natural enemies that attack various feeding guilds within a common habitat exploit common olfactory cues.10aIps pini1 aBoone, Celia, K.1 aSix, Diana, L.1 aKrauth, Steven, J.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/assemblage-hymenoptera-arriving-logs-colonized-ips-pini-coleoptera-curculionidae-scolytinae-and-its02937nas a2200193   4500008004500000020001400045245010800059210006900167260001300236300001200249490000700261520225200268653002802520653001302548100002102561700001902582700002302601856011902624       2008                        Engldsh    a1461-955500aThe enemy of my enemy is still my enemy: competitors add to predator load of a tree-killing bark beetle0 aenemy of my enemy is still my enemy competitors add to predator   cNovember  a411-4210 v103 a1 The mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae is a major tree-killing bark beetle in North America. We evaluated how the subsequent arrival of a competing bark beetle Ips pini influences the arrival of predators and their impact on both species.2 The predators Temnochila chlorodia and Enoclerus sphegeus were strongly attracted to pheromones of D. ponderosae. By contrast, Enoclerus lecontei was mostly attracted to I. pini pheromones. The host compound myrcene synergized attraction of both D. ponderosae and E. sphegeus to the pheromone of D. ponderosae. However, it inhibited attraction of both I. pini and E. lecontei to I. pini's pheromone.3 Dendroctonus ponderosae were more attracted to trees than logs treated with its pheromones, whereas I. pini were more attracted to logs than trees treated with its pheromones. Some 78% of T. chlorodia were captured at hosts baited with D. ponderosae pheromones, whereas 83% of E. lecontei were captured at hosts baited with I. pini pheromones. We characterized the sequence of arrival to live trees baited with pheromones of D. ponderosae as: D. ponderosae, T. chlorodia, E. sphegeus, I. pini, E. lecontei.4 Various combinations of I. pini and predators were added to logs colonized by D. ponderosae in the above sequence of arrival observed in live trees baited with D. ponderosae aggregation pheromones. Ips pini reduced D. ponderosae adult brood production. However, the combination of I. pini and E. lecontei did not raise D. ponderosae brood production above that observed with only I. pini present. Similarly, the combination of I. pini and T. chlorodia did not reduce D. ponderosae brood production below that observed with I. pini alone. By contrast, the combination of I. pini, T. chlorodia and E. lecontei caused more brood loss to D. ponderosae than I. pini alone.5 Enoclerus lecontei did not reduce brood production by T. chlorodia, whereas T. chlorodia substantially reduced brood production by E. lecontei.6 Secondary bark beetles that exploit the resource created by primary tree-killing species exert negative effects through both competition and increased predator load. Implications to the population dynamics, ecology and evolution of tree-killing bark beetles are discussed.10aDendroctonus ponderosae10aIps pini1 aBoone, Celia, K.1 aSix, Diana, L.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/enemy-my-enemy-still-my-enemy-competitors-add-predator-load-tree-killing-bark-beetle02623nas a2200193   4500008004500000020001400045245010500059210006900164260001300233300001200246490000700258520194200265653001302207100002102220700001902241700001902260700002302279856012702302       2008                        Engldsh    a0046-225X00aParasitoids and dipteran predators exploit volatiles from microbial symbionts to locate bark beetles0 aParasitoids and dipteran predators exploit volatiles from microb  cFebruary  a150-1610 v373 aHost location by parasitoids and dipteran predators of bark beetles is poorly understood. Unlike coleopteran predators that locate prey by orienting to prey pheromones, wasps and flies often attack life stages not present until after pheromone production ceases. Bark beetles have important microbial symbionts, which could provide sources of cues. We tested host trees, trees colonized by beetles and symbionts, and trees colonized by symbionts alone for attractiveness to hymenopteran parasitoids and dipteran predators. Field studies were conducted with Ips pini in Montana. Three pteromalid wasps were predominant. All were associated with the second and third instars of L pini. Heydenia unica was more attracted to logs colonized by either I. pini or the fungus Ophiostoma ips than logs alone or blank controls (screen with no log). Rhopalicus pulchripennis was more attracted to logs colonized by L pini than logs alone or blank controls. Dibrachys cavus was attracted to logs but did not distinguish whether or not they were colonized. Two dolichopodid predators were predominant. A Medetera species was more attracted to colonized than uncolonized logs and more attracted to logs than blank controls. It was also more attracted to logs colonized with the yeast Pichia scolyti than uncolonized logs, but attraction was less consistent. An unidentified dolichopodid was more attracted to logs colonized with L pini, O. ips, and the bacteria Burkholderia sp., than to uncolonized logs, It was also attracted to uncolonized logs. Its responses were less consistent and pronounced than H. unica. These results suggest some parasitoids and dipteran predators exploit microbial symbionts of bark beetles to locate hosts. Overall, specialists showed strong attraction to fungal cues, whereas generalists were more attracted by plant volatiles. These results also show how microbial symbionts can have conflicting effects on host fitness10aIps pini1 aBoone, Celia, K.1 aSix, Diana, L.1 aZheng, Yanbing1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/parasitoids-and-dipteran-predators-exploit-volatiles-microbial-symbionts-locate-bark-beetles02390nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245013400055210006900189260000800258300001400266490000700280520162500287653002801912100002101940700002201961700002001983700002302003700002302026856013502049       2011                        eng d  a0045-506700aEfficacy of tree defense physiology varies with bark beetle population density: a basis for positive feedback in eruptive species0 aEfficacy of tree defense physiology varies with bark beetle popu  cJun  a1174-11880 v413 aWe evaluated the ability of constitutive and inducible defenses to protect trees and restrict herbivore reproduction across the endemic, incipient (i.e., transitory), and eruptive phases of a native bark beetle species. Host defenses were major constraints when mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) populations were low, but inconsequential after stand-level densities surpassed a critical threshold. We annually examined all lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia) in six 12-18 ha stands for 3-6 years for beetle attack and establishment as beetle densities progressed through various population phases. We also assayed a suite of tree physiological and chemical attributes and related them to subsequent attacks during that year. Rapidly inducible defenses appeared more important than constitutive defenses, and total monoterpenes were more important than particular constituents. Trees that exude more resin and accumulate higher monoterpene concentrations in response to simulated attack largely escaped natural attacks when populations were low. In stands where beetles had reached incipient densities, these defenses were ineffective. Larger diameter trees had more pronounced defenses than smaller diameter trees. As populations increased, beetles selected increasingly larger, more resource-rich trees, despite their better defenses. When populations were too low for cooperative attack, beetles exploited trees weakened by lower-stem insects. Behavioral plasticity allows beetles to persist at endemic levels until conditions shift, after which positive feedbacks predominate.10aDendroctonus ponderosae1 aBoone, Celia, K.1 aAukema, Brian, H.1 aBohlmann, Joerg1 aCarroll, Allan, L.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/efficacy-tree-defense-physiology-varies-bark-beetle-population-density-basis-positive-feedback-erupt03533nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245017700055210006900232260001500301300001200316490000800328520274700336653000803083100002203091700001303113700001903126700002503145700002303170856013403193       2010                        eng d  a0378-112700aPredisposition to bark beetle attack by root herbivores and associated pathogens: roles in forest decline, gap formation, and persistence of endemic bark beetle populations0 aPredisposition to bark beetle attack by root herbivores and asso  cJanuary 25  a374-3820 v2593 aBark beetles are largely known for their ability to undergo intermittent population eruptions that transform entire landscapes and pose significant economic hardships. However, most species do not undergo outbreaks, and eruptive species usually exert only minor disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of tree-killing noneruptive species can provide insights into how beetles persist at low densities, and how some spatiotemporal patterns of host predisposition may more likely favor breaching eruptive thresholds than others. Elucidating mechanisms behind low-density populations is challenging, however, due to the requirement of long-term monitoring and high degrees of spatial and temporal covariance. We censused more than 2700 trees annually over 7 years, and at the end of 17 years, in a mature red pine plantation. Trees were measured for the presence of bark beetles and wood borers that breed within the primary stem, root weevils that breed in root collars, and bark beetles that breed in basal stems. We quantify the sequence of events that drive this decline syndrome, with the primary emergent pattern being an interaction between below- and above-ground herbivores and their fungal symbionts. This interaction results in an expanding forest gap, with subsequent colonization by early-successional vegetation. Spatial position strongly affects the likelihood of tree mortality. A red pine is initially very likely to avoid attack by tree-killing Ips beetles, but attack becomes increasingly likely as the belowground complex spreads to neighboring trees and eventually make trees susceptible. This system is largely internally driven, as there are strong gap edge, but not stand-edge, effects. Additional stressors, such as drought, can provide an intermittent source of susceptible trees to Ips beetles, and elevated temperature slightly accentuates this effect. New gaps can arise from such trees as they subsequently become epicenters for the full complex of organisms associated with this decline, but this is not common. As Ips populations rise, there is some element of positive feedback, in that the proportion of killed trees that were not first colonized by root organisms increases. This positive feedback is very weak, however, and we propose the slope between beetle population density and reliance on host stress as a quantitative distinction along a gradient from noneruptive through eruptive species. Almost all trees colonized by Ips were subsequently colonized by wood borers, likely a source of negative feedback. We discuss implications to our overall understanding of cross-scale interactions, between-guild interactions, forest declines, and eruptive thresholds. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.10aIps1 aAukema, Brian, H.1 aZhu, Jun1 aMoller, Jesper1 aRasmussen, Jakob, G.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/predisposition-bark-beetle-attack-root-herbivores-and-associated-pathogens-roles-forest-decline-gap02415nas a2200241   4500008004500000020001400045245011200059210006900171260000900240300001200249490000700261520158700268653002801855100002201883700002301905700001901928700001301947700002301960700001501983700001901998700002402017856013202041       2008                        Engldsh    a0906-759000aMovement of outbreak populations of mountain pine beetle: influences of spatiotemporal patterns and climate0 aMovement of outbreak populations of mountain pine beetle influen  cJune  a348-3580 v313 aInsect outbreaks exert landscape-level influences, yet quantifying the relative contributions of various exogenous and endogenous factors that contribute to their pattern and spread remains elusive. We examine an outbreak of mountain pine beetle covering an 800 thousand ha area on the Chilcotin Plateau of British Columbia, Canada, during the 1970s and early 1980s. We present a model that incorporates the spatial and temporal arrangements of outbreaking insect populations, as well as various climatic factors that influence insect development. Onsets of eruptions of mountain pine beetle demonstrated landscape-level synchrony. On average, the presence of outbreaking populations was highly correlated with outbreaking populations within the nearest 18 km the same year and local populations within 6 km in the previous two years. After incorporating these spatial and temporal dependencies, we found that increasing temperatures contributed to explaining outbreak probabilities during this 15 yr outbreak. During collapse years, landscape-level synchrony declined while local synchrony values remained high, suggesting that in some areas host depletion was contributing to population decline. Model forecasts of outbreak propensity one year in advance at a 12 by 12 km scale provided 80% accuracy over the landscape, and never underestimated the occurrence of locally outbreaking populations. This model provides a flexible approach for linking temperature and insect population dynamics to spatial spread, and complements existing decision support tools for resource managers.10aDendroctonus ponderosae1 aAukema, Brian, H.1 aCarroll, Allan, L.1 aZheng, Yanbing1 aZhu, Jun1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.1 aMoore, Dan1 aStahl, Kerstin1 aTaylor, Stephen, W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/movement-outbreak-populations-mountain-pine-beetle-influences-spatiotemporal-patterns-and-climate02401nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245008400055210006900139260000800208300001200216490000700228520178600235100002202021700002302043700002402066700002302090856010602113       2010                        eng d  a0046-225X00aVariation in Complex Semiochemical Signals Arising From Insects and Host Plants0 aVariation in Complex Semiochemical Signals Arising From Insects   cJun  a874-8820 v393 aChemical communication by many insect species involves complex signals of both insect and plant origin. Much attention has been focused on the behavioral activities of these components but less on their sources of variation, despite implications for evolutionary theory and pest management. We studied variation in chemical signaling at host, tree-within-host, and beetle-on-tree scales using tunneling male pine engravers (Ips pini (Say)) on jack, Pinus banksiana Lamb, red, P. resinosa Aiton, and white, P. strobus L. pines. Pine engravers are distributed transcontinentally, and stereoisomeric ratios of their principal pheromone component ipsdienol varies regionally. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine variation in monoterpene and pheromone volatile profiles, determined by gas chromatography. Phloem from white pine had the greatest concentration of monoterpenes, although insects tunneling in white pine produced the smallest ratios of monoterpenes to pheromones (1:2) in their volatile plumes relative to jack and red pine (1:1). Beetle-to-beetle variation in plume composition was [approximately equal]2-9 times greater than the inter-tree variation within a tree species. The stereoisomeric ratio of ipsdienol was highly consistent within the pheromone component of the plume. The little variation present existed almost entirely at the level of the insects. Within the pheromone component of the plume in a given host species, there was up to 13 times more beetle-to-beetle than tree-to-tree variation. This magnitude was almost double the magnitudes of the ratios among components within the entire plumes. Implications to the behavioral ecology of bark beetle communication, such as potential strategies of cheating and predator avoidance, are discussed.1 aAukema, Brian, H.1 aPowell, Jaimie, S.1 aClayton, Murray, K.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/variation-complex-semiochemical-signals-arising-insects-and-host-plants02704nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245011800055210006900173260000800242300001200250490000700262520200500269653001702274100002102291700002102312700001902333700002302352856013502375       2011                        eng d  a0098-033100aResponses of Bark Beetle-Associated Bacteria to Host Monoterpenes and Their Relationship to Insect Life Histories0 aResponses of Bark BeetleAssociated Bacteria to Host Monoterpenes  cAug  a808-8170 v373 aBark beetles that colonize living conifers and their microbial associates encounter constitutive and induced chemical defenses of their host. Monoterpene hydrocarbons comprise a major component of these allelochemicals, and many are antibiotic to insects, fungi, and bacteria. Some bark beetle species exhaust these defenses by killing their host through mass attacks mediated by aggregation pheromones. Others lack adult aggregation pheromones and do not engage in pheromone-mediated mass attacks, but rather have the ability to complete development within live hosts. In the former species, the larvae develop in tissue largely depleted of host terpenes, whereas in the latter exposure to these compounds persists throughout development. A substantial literature exists on how monoterpenes affect bark beetles and their associated fungi, but little is known of how they affect bacteria, which in turn can influence beetle performance in various manners. We tested several bacteria from two bark beetle species for their ability to grow in the presence of a diversity of host monoterpenes. Bacteria were isolated from the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, which typically kills trees during colonization, and the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, which often lives in their host without causing mortality. Bacteria from D. ponderosae were gram-positive Actinobacteria and Bacilli; one yeast also was tested. Bacteria from D. valens were Actinobacteria, Bacilli, and [gamma]-Proteobacteria. Bacteria from D. valens were more tolerant of monoterpenes than were those from D. ponderosae. Bacteria from D. ponderosae did not grow in the presence of [alpha]-pinene and 3-carene, and grew in, but were inhibited by, [beta]-pinene and [beta]-phellandrene. Limonene and myrcene had little inhibitory effect on bacteria from either beetle species. Tolerance to these antibiotic compounds appears to have resulted from adaptation to living in a terpene-rich environment.10aDendroctonus1 aAdams, Aaron, S.1 aBoone, Celia, K.1 aBohlmann, Jorg1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/responses-bark-beetle-associated-bacteria-host-monoterpenes-and-their-relationship-insect-life-histo02286nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245012000055210006900175260001000244300001200254490000700266520153400273653002401807100002101831700002201852700002401874700002401898700002301922856013501945       2010                        eng d  a0046-225X00aGeographic Variation in Bacterial Communities Associated With the Red Turpentine Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aGeographic Variation in Bacterial Communities Associated With th  cApril  a406-4140 v393 aBacterial communities are known to play important roles in insect life histories, yet their consistency or variation across populations is poorly understood. Bacteria associated with the bark beetle Dendroctonus valens Le Conte from eight populations, ranging from Wisconsin to Oregon, were evaluated and compared. We used the culture-independent technique of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to visualize bacterial diversity, or individual operational taxonomic units (Os), from individual beetles. One-way analysis of similarities was used to test for differences of bacterial communities between sites. Analysis of community profiles showed that individual beetles on average contained 10 OTUs, with frequency of association from 2 to 100% of beetles. OTU sequences most closely matched [beta]- and [gamma]-proteobacteria, and one each matched Bacilli and Actinobacteria. Several OTUs were particularly abundant, most notably an Actinobacterium from 100% and two Proteobacteria from 60% of beetles sampled. Some OTUs were similar to previously described bacteria with known biochemical capabilities and ecological functions, suggesting that some bacterial associates of D. valens may contribute to its ability to exploit a resource low in nutrients and high in defensive compounds. There were significant differences of bacterial communities between sites. The strength of these differences was positively correlated with distance between sites, although additional unexplained factors also contribute to the variation.10aDendroctonus valens1 aAdams, Aaron, S.1 aAdams, Sandye, M.1 aCurrie, Cameron, R.1 aGillette, Nancy, E.1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/geographic-variation-bacterial-communities-associated-red-turpentine-beetle-coleoptera-curculionidae