02815nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245018400055210006900239260001600308300001100324490000800335520211100343653001702454100001802471700002102489856013502510       2009                        eng d  a0378-112700aPonderosa pine mortality during a severe bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) outbreak in southern British Columbia and implications for wildlife habitat management0 aPonderosa pine mortality during a severe bark beetle Coleoptera   cDecember 14  aS5-S140 v2583 aWe examined the extent and severity of bark beetle (Dendroctonus sp.) attack in ponderosa pine forests in southern British Columbia using stand monitoring plots and forest insect overview survey data, and relate these results to vertebrate wildlife habitat conditions. Monitoring plots established in ponderosa pine stands in 2007 indicate overall mortality levels of 77.8% for trees >7.5 cm dbh by 2008, with lower mortality rates for small stems in the 7.6-15 cm dbh range (53%) and very high mortality (94.9%) of large stems >30 cm dbh. Data from insect overview surveys indicated the attack was extensive and continues to expand. In the Kamloops district, 52,126 ha, or 36% of the area with ponderosa pine as a component of the stand was attacked in 2007 alone, with many areas likely attacked in more than one year. The current bark beetle attack represents a strong "thinning from above" disturbance that is extensive and will have long-term consequences for canopy closure and overstory structure. These changes will have implications for species dependant on mature overstory trees or large snags for foraging and nesting, with effects greatest in pure stands of ponderosa pine. In mixed stands of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine mortality will likely enhance habitat for species dependent on mature or old forest structure by increasing levels of snags, downed wood and creating natural within-stand gaps and heterogeneity. An extensive natural disturbance like the current bark beetle outbreak, following the extensive harvesting in ponderosa pine forests between 1850 and 1950 may frustrate management attempts to provide future diverse habitat conditions for flora and fauna, and other commodities such as viewscapes, recreation and timber. Silvicultural interventions can facilitate the development of mature conditions in some pure stands of ponderosa pine where mature trees have been killed, and should be considered to reconcile current conditions with desired mid- and long-term habitat requirements. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.10aDendroctonus1 aKlenner, Walt1 aArsenault, Andre  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/ponderosa-pine-mortality-during-severe-bark-beetle-coleoptera-curculionidae-scolytinae-outbreak-sout02441nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245012700055210006900182260000800251300002200259490000700281520170900288653001701997100002802014700002402042700002202066700002402088856013502112       2012                        eng d  a1461-955500aAttraction to monoterpenes and beetle-produced compounds by syntopic Ips and Dendroctonus bark beetles and their predators0 aAttraction to monoterpenes and beetleproduced compounds by synto  cMay  aNIL_0094-NIL_01030 v143 a1 Bark beetles are significant mortality agents of conifers. Four beetle species, the pine engraver Ips pini, the six-spined pine engraver Ips calligraphus sub. ponderosae, the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis, and the western pine beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis, cohabitate pines in Arizona. 2 A pheromone trapping study in ponderosa forests of Arizona determined the attraction of beetles to conspecific and heterospecific pheromone components in the presence and absence of host volatiles, and tested whether predators differ in their attraction to combinations of pheromone components and tree monoterpenes. 3 All four bark beetle species differed in their responses to heterospecific lures and monoterpenes. Ips calligraphus was the only species that increased in trap catches when heterospecific lures were added. Heterospecific lures did not inhibit the attraction of either Dendroctonus or Ips species. The replacement of myrcene with a-pinene increased the attraction of Dendroctonus, whereas the addition of a-pinene had mixed results for Ips. The prominent predators Temnochila chlorodia and Enoclerus lecontei were more attracted to the I. pini lure than the D. brevicomis lure, and the combination of the two lures with a-pinene was most attractive to both predator species. 4 Cross attraction and limited inhibition of bark beetles to heterospecific pheromones suggest that some of these species might use heterospecific compounds to increase successful location and colonization of trees. Predator responses to treatments suggest that tree volatiles are used to locate potential prey and predators are more responsive to Ips than to Dendroctonus pheromone components in Arizona.10aDendroctonus1 aHofstetter, Richard, W.1 aGaylord, Monica, L.1 aMartinson, Sharon1 aWagner, Michael, R.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/attraction-monoterpenes-and-beetle-produced-compounds-syntopic-ips-and-dendroctonus-bark-beetles-and01120nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245013500055210006900190260000800259300001200267490000700279520047500286653001700761100001900778700001900797856013400816       2010                        eng d  a0029-344X00aOld Lower Stem Bark Lesions Apparently Caused by Unsuccessful Spruce Beetle Attacks Still Evident on Live Spruce Trees Years Later0 aOld Lower Stem Bark Lesions Apparently Caused by Unsuccessful Sp  cSpr  a192-1950 v843 aWe examined old bark lesions on Lutz spruce in young stands on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, to determine their cause. Distribution of these lesions along lower stems was similar to the distribution of spruce beetle attacks during epidemics. These lesions apparently resulted from unsuccessful attacks by spruce beetles during the late 1980s and early 1990s and appear to be symptomatic of conifer tree resistance reactions to cambial zone injury by Dendroctonus beetles.10aDendroctonus1 aHard, John, S.1 aZogas, Ken, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/old-lower-stem-bark-lesions-apparently-caused-unsuccessful-spruce-beetle-attacks-still-evident-live01865nas a2200181   4500008004100000245004800041210004800089260000900137300001000146490000800156520134500164653001701509100001901526700002201545700002301567700002201590856007101612       2011                        eng d00aNatural History of the Southern Pine Beetle0 aNatural History of the Southern Pine Beetle  c2011  a13-240 v1403 aThe southern pine beetle (SPB) is a tree killer of southern yellow pines. All life stages----eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults[long dash]infest the inner bark or phloem tissue of the host tree. Adult beetles overcome the tree's defenses through a mass-attack phenomenon. They are attracted to the tree by a pheromone system consisting of volatiles produced by the beetles and the host. The pheromone system also prevents the beetles from over-colonizing the tree. Once inside the tree, parent adults construct serpentine egg galleries in the inner bark tissue. Individual eggs are deposited in egg niches along the egg gallery. After eclosion, the larvae develop on host tissue, and development is aided by mycangial fungi deposited in the egg galleries by the adult females. Pupation occurs in the outer bark, and brood adults emerge to attack another nearby tree. As this process continues infestation spots of dead and dying trees can be created. Generally an SPB spot gets its start on stressed and weakened tress. Depending upon climate, the number of SPB generations per year can vary from one to nine. The SPB has the capacity to cause periodic large-scale eniptions that encompass entire regions of the South. Host resistance, predators, parasites, diseases, and competitors all keep SPB populations in check during nonepidemic years.10aDendroctonus1 aHain, Fred, P.1 aDuehl, Adrian, J.1 aGardner, Micah, J.1 aPayne, Thomas, L.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/natural-history-southern-pine-beetle02203nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245017100055210006900226260000800295300001400303490000800317520146200325653001701787653000801804100002001812700002301832700001901855856013501874       2010                        eng d  a0022-049300aImpacts of Silvicultural Thinning Treatments on Beetle Trap Captures and Tree Attacks During Low Bark Beetle Populations in Ponderosa Pine Forests of Northern Arizona0 aImpacts of Silvicultural Thinning Treatments on Beetle Trap Capt  cOct  a1693-17030 v1033 aOur research used a combination of passive traps, funnel traps with lures, baited trees, and surveys of long-term thinning plots to assess the impacts of different levels of stand basal area (BA) on bark beetle tree attack and on trap captures of Ips spp., Dendroctonus spp., and their predators. The study occurred at two sites in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dough. ex Laws., forests, from 2004 to 2007 during low bark beetle populations. Residual stand BA ranged from 9.0 to 37.0 m2/ha. More predators and bark beetles were collected in passive traps in stands of lower BA than in stands of higher BA; however, significance varied by species and site, and total number of beetles collected was low. Height of the clear panel passive traps affected trap catches for some species at some sites and years. When pheromone lures were used with funnel traps (Ips pini (Say) lure: lanierone, +03/-97 ipsdienol), we found no significant difference in trap catches among basal area treatments for bark beetles and their predators. Similarly, when trees were baited (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte lure: myrcene, exo-brevicomin and frontalin), we found no significant difference for days to first bark beetle attack. Surveys of long-term thinning treatments found evidence of bark beetle attacks only in unthinned plots ([approximately equal]37 m2/ha basal area). We discuss our results in terms of management implications for bark beetle trapping and control.10aDendroctonus10aIps1 aGaylord, M., L.1 aHofstetter, R., W.1 aWagner, M., R.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/impacts-silvicultural-thinning-treatments-beetle-trap-captures-and-tree-attacks-during-low-bark-beet02791nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245015300055210006900208260001000277300001200287490000800299520202900307653001702336100001902353700002102372700001902393700001802412700002102430856013402451       2009                        eng d  a0931-204800aResponse of Dendroctonus brevicomis to different release rates of nonhost angiosperm volatiles and verbenone in trapping and tree protection studies0 aResponse of Dendroctonus brevicomis to different release rates o  cMarch  a143-1540 v1333 aA blend of eight nonhost angiosperm volatiles (benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, guaiacol, nonanal, salicylaldehyde, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol) without (NAV) and with (NAVV) (-)-verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) were tested at low (L), medium (M) and high (H) release rates for their ability to reduce attraction of western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, to attractant-baited (exo-brevicomin (racemic, 3 mg/d), frontalin (racemic, 3 mg/d) and myrcene (18 mg/d)) multiple funnel traps. NAV-L (40 mg/d) had no significant effect. Verbenone alone (50 mg/d) and NAV-M (240 mg/d) both significantly reduced attraction, but no significant difference was observed between the two treatment means. NAV-H (430 mg/d) significantly reduced catches by [approximately]60% and 78% compared to verbenone alone and the baited control, respectively. In a second experiment, combining (-)-verbenone with NAV (NAVV) increased the effects observed in Experiment 1. NAVV-M (240 mg/d) resulted in an [approximately]69% and 83% reduction in trap catch compared to verbenone alone and the baited control, respectively. Significantly fewer D. brevicomis were captured in NAVV-H (430 mg/d) than any other treatment resulting in an [approximately]93% reduction in trap catch compared to the baited control. In a third experiment, NAVV was tested at three release rates for its ability to protect individual ponderosa pines, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., from attack by D. brevicomis. Cumulative release rates varied in direct proportion to tree diameter, but represented quarter, half and full NAVV rates. NAVV significantly reduced the density of D. brevicomis attacks, D. brevicomis successful attacks, and levels of tree mortality on attractant-baited trees. Only three of 15 NAVV-treated trees died from D. brevicomis attack while [approximately]93% mortality (14/15) was observed in the untreated, baited control. Quarter and half rates were ineffective for reducing tree mortality.10aDendroctonus1 aFettig, C., J.1 aMcKelvey, S., R.1 aDabney, C., P.1 aBorys, R., R.1 aHuber, D., P. W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/response-dendroctonus-brevicomis-different-release-rates-nonhost-angiosperm-volatiles-and-verbenone02621nas a2200205   4500008004500000020002500045245011100070210006900181260000800250300001400258490000800272520189700280653001702177653000802194653002702202100002002229700002302249700002502272856011802297       2011                        Engldsh    a0013-8746; 1938-290100aEffects of Various Semiochemicals on the Responses of Rhyzopertha dominica to Pheromone Traps in the Field0 aEffects of Various Semiochemicals on the Responses of Rhyzoperth  cNov  a1297-13020 v1043 aFeeding male Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) produces two pheromones Dominicalure-1 (DL-1) and Dominicalure-2 (DL-2), which attracts adults of both sexes. In field experiments conducted in Oklahoma, R. dominica captures in multiple funnel traps deployed with its pheromones, ethanol, or both, green-leaf volatiles (GLV), plant essential oils, or synthetic pheromones for Ips spp., Dendroctonus spp., or Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were examined. The bark beetle lures were evaluated at the release rate recommended for the respective insects. The number of insects trapped increased when R. dominica lure was combined with ethanol, whereas beetle captures neither were enhanced nor inhibited when the lure was combined with GLV, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-l-one (MCH), or plant essential oil mixtures turpentine, from Pinus spp., and cedar wood oil, from Juniperus spp. (Coniferales: Pinaceae and Cupressaceae). Similarly, the numbers of captured R. dominica did not significantly differ when R. dominica lures were supplemented with ipsdienol, ipsenol, cis-verbenol, or pityol. Conversely, the combination of R. dominica lures with exo-brevicomin, frontalin, and commercial lure for S. multistriatus, containing the bicyclic ketal multistriatin, resulted in significantly fewer captures of R. dominica. The presence of live males of the closely related species Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) decreased the number of captured R. dominica by >70% compared with captures in traps baited with R. dominica's natural pheromone alone. Results support the hypothesis that grain-infesting R. dominica evolved from forest-inhabiting ancestors and retained behavioral traits for semiochemical interactions with other wood-boring beetle species. Such interspecific interactions have potential for exploitation in pest management programs against R. dominica.10aDendroctonus10aIps10aScolytus multistriatus1 aEdde, Peter, A.1 aToews, Michael, D.1 aPhillips, Thomas, W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effects-various-semiochemicals-responses-rhyzopertha-dominica-pheromone-traps-field01825nas a2200229   4500008004100000020001400041245006200055210005800117260000900175300001000184490000700194520117800201653001701379100001601396700001701412700001701429700001401446700001801460700001901478700001901497856007901516       2009                        eng d  a1488-838600aThe importance of taxonomy in responses to invasive alien0 aimportance of taxonomy in responses to invasive alien  c2009  a92-990 v103 aInvasive alien species (IAS) cause major economic losses and threaten biodiversity worldwide. Tar information is essential to initiating defence against IAS, including early detection and identification of new IAS ou We demonstrate how current IAS strategies (i.e. prevention of new invasions, early detection and rapid response invaders and management of established invaders) require strong taxonomic infrastructure. Examples are given from ti molluscs (Gastropoda) and insects such as the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), vector flies of the families Culicidae and Calliphoridae (Diptera,), Sirex noctihb (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) woo and Dendroctonus bark beetles and the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) (Col( Curculionidae), that demonstrate the role of taxonomy in AS response. Further, we show through the example of the ! Ash Borer, Agri/us planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), how international co-operation is essential to idea outbreaks of IAS. Such international co-operation is especially important because few countries can fund comprehens identification organizations alone.10aDendroctonus1 aDouglas, H.1 aDang, P., T.1 aGill, B., D.1 aHuber, J.1 aMason, P., G.1 aParker, D., J.1 aSinclair, B.J.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/importance-taxonomy-responses-invasive-alien02030nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245013600055210006900191260000900260300001200269490000700281520137900288653001701667100001801684700002301702856013501725       2009                        eng d  a0046-225X00aEffects of gallery density and species ratio on the fitness and fecundity of two sympatric bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aEffects of gallery density and species ratio on the fitness and   cJune  a639-6500 v383 aInterspecific interactions among tree-killing bark beetle species may have ecologically important consequences on beetle population dynamics. Using two tree-killing beetle species (Dendroctonus brevicomis and D. frontalis), we performed observational and experimental studies to verify cross-attraction and co-colonization under field conditions in northern Arizona and test the effects of gallery density and species ratio on response variables of average gallery length, offspring size (progeny fitness), and offspring production per centimeter gallery (fecundity). Our results show that both D. frontalis and D. brevicomis aggregate to pheromones synthesized de novo by D. brevicomis under field conditions and that galleries of both D. brevicomis and D. frontalis occurred together in the same region of a single host tree with significant frequency. In experimental manipulations of species ratios, the presence of conspecific beetles in the gallery environment strongly mediated fecundity, but D. frontalis was the only species that suffered negative impacts from the presence of heterospecific beetles in the gallery environment. interactions did not result in any apparent fitness effects for progeny of either species, which suggests that multispecies aggregations and co-colonization may be a dominant ecological strategy in the region and result in niche sharing.10aDendroctonus1 aDavis, T., S.1 aHofstetter, R., W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effects-gallery-density-and-species-ratio-fitness-and-fecundity-two-sympatric-bark-beetles-coleopter01835nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245007400055210006900129260000800198300001400206490000700220520113600227653001701363100003001380700002501410700001701435700002101452700002101473700002301494856010001517       2011                        eng d  a0962-108300aMountain pine beetle host-range expansion threatens the boreal forest0 aMountain pine beetle hostrange expansion threatens the boreal fo  cMay  a2157-21710 v203 aThe current epidemic of the mountain pine beetle (MPB), an indigenous pest of western North American pine, has resulted in significant losses of lodgepole pine. The leading edge has reached Alberta where forest composition shifts from lodgepole to jack pine through a hybrid zone. The susceptibility of jack pine to MPB is a major concern, but there has been no evidence of host-range expansion, in part due to the difficulty in distinguishing the parentals and their hybrids. We tested the utility of a panel of microsatellite loci optimized for both species to classify lodgepole pine, jack pine and their hybrids using simulated data. We were able to accurately classify simulated individuals, and hence applied these markers to identify the ancestry of attacked trees. Here we show for the first time successful MPB attack in natural jack pine stands at the leading edge of the epidemic. This once unsuitable habitat is now a novel environment for MPB to exploit, a potential risk which could be exacerbated by further climate change. The consequences of host-range expansion for the vast boreal ecosystem could be significant.10aDendroctonus1 aCullingham, Catherine, I.1 aCooke, Janice, E. K.1 aDang, Sophie1 aDavis, Corey, S.1 aCooke, Barry, J.1 aColtman, David, W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/mountain-pine-beetle-host-range-expansion-threatens-boreal-forest02401nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245012400055210006900179260000800248300001200256490000700268520176600275653001702041100001802058700002002076856013502096       2011                        eng d  a1461-955500aUpwind flight response of the bark beetle predator Thanasimus dubius towards olfactory and visual cues in a wind tunnel0 aUpwind flight response of the bark beetle predator Thanasimus du  cAug  a283-2900 v133 a1 The checkered beetle Thanasimus dubius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) is a common predator in North America that feeds on bark beetles (mostly Ips and Dendroctonus spp.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Despite numerous field-trapping studies on this predator, the response of individual T. dubius to bark beetle pheromones, host tree volatiles and visual stimuli has seldom been studied in the laboratory. 2 We present a detailed description of T. dubius chemotactic behaviour using wind tunnel observations. We investigated the effect of a synomone, the tree volatile apinene, on the T. dubius response towards two kairomones, ipsenol and frontalin, which are, respectively, principal components of Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) and Dendroctonus frontalis (Zimmermann) prey pheromones. We also compared the chemotactic responses of predators to vanilla (an artificial flavour) and a-pinene, and the response to black and white silhouettes presented near the volatile source. 3 The mean rate of one antennal behaviour (called 'stand up') was significantly higher when adult T. dubius were exposed to a semiochemical relative to a blank (no chemical) or to vanilla. The percentage of upwind flights (insects landing upwind and performing at least one 'stand up' antennal behaviour) was also significantly higher for semiochemical treatments. The presence of a-pinene did not increase significantly the T. dubius response to ipsenol or frontalin. Predators landed more frequently near black silhouettes but the difference was not significant. 4 Percentages of predators landing closer than 40 cm to the semiochemical source increased significantly during the second trial (43-63%), suggesting a possible effect of experience on chemotactic behaviour.10aDendroctonus1 aCosta, Arnaud1 aReeve, John, D.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/upwind-flight-response-bark-beetle-predator-thanasimus-dubius-towards-olfactory-and-visual-cues-wind01650nam a2200229   4500008004100000020002200041245008500063210006900148300001200217520093700229653001701166653000801183653001501191653001301206653001201219653001701231100002001248700001801268700001801286700001301304856010301317       2011                        eng d  a978-3-642-17814-600aChemical Ecology of Bark Beetles in Regard to Search and Selection of Host Trees0 aChemical Ecology of Bark Beetles in Regard to Search and Selecti  a150-1903 aBark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), especially pests in the genera Dendroctonus, Ips, Scolytus, Trypodendron, Tomicus, and Pityogenes of the Northern hemisphere are reviewed regarding aspects of their chemical ecology during host finding and selection. Most of the species covered here feed on conifers, primarily pines (Pinus) in the Northern hemisphere and Norway spruce (Picea abies) of Europe and Asia. Bark beetles use a variety of olfactory strategies to discriminate suitable host trees from among less suitable, overcolonized, or decaying hosts as well as nonhosts. Bark beetles also use olfactory strategies to find mates and select attack sites. These strategies have implications for coevolution of trees and bark beetles. Knowledge of the chemical ecology of insect-insect and insect-plant relationships is necessary to develop improved methods for monitoring and controlling bark beetles that are predators of trees.10aDendroctonus10aIps10aPityogenes10aScolytus10aTomicus10aTrypodendron1 aByers, John, A.1 aZhang, Qinghe1 aLiu, Tongxian1 aKang, Le  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/chemical-ecology-bark-beetles-regard-search-and-selection-host-trees01875nas a2200193   4500008004500000020001400045245010700059210006900166260001300235300001200248490000800260520118500268653001701453100002101470700002501491700001901516700001901535856012701554       2008                        Engldsh    a0378-112700aHolocene records of Dendroctonus bark beetles in high elevation pine forests of Idaho and Montana, USA0 aHolocene records of Dendroctonus bark beetles in high elevation   cMarch 20  a836-8460 v2553 aPaleoecological reconstructions from two lakes in the U.S. northern Rocky Mountain region of Idaho and Montana revealed the presence of bark beetle elytra and head capsules (cf. Dendroctonus spp., most likely D. ponderosae, mountain pine beetle). Occurrence of these macrofossils during the period of time associated with the 1920/1930 a.d. mountain pine beetle outbreak at Baker Lake, Montana suggest that when beetle populations reach epidemic levels, beetle remains may be found in the lake sediments. In addition to the beetle remains found at Baker Lake during the 20th century, remains were also identified from ca. 8331, 8410, and 8529 cal yr BP. At Hoodoo Lake, Idaho remains were found at ca. 7954 and 8163 cal yr BP. These Holocene records suggest the infestations occurred during a period when climate changed rapidly to cooler and effectively wetter than present in forests dominated by whitebark pine. These two lake records provide the first preliminary data for understanding the long-term history of climatic influences on Dendroctonus bark beetle activity, which may be useful for predicting climate and stand conditions when mountain pine beetle activity occurs.10aDendroctonus1 aBrunelle, Andrea1 aRehfeldt, Gerald, E.1 aBentz, Barbara1 aMunson, Steven  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/holocene-records-dendroctonus-bark-beetles-high-elevation-pine-forests-idaho-and-montana-usa02704nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245011800055210006900173260000800242300001200250490000700262520200500269653001702274100002102291700002102312700001902333700002302352856013502375       2011                        eng d  a0098-033100aResponses of Bark Beetle-Associated Bacteria to Host Monoterpenes and Their Relationship to Insect Life Histories0 aResponses of Bark BeetleAssociated Bacteria to Host Monoterpenes  cAug  a808-8170 v373 aBark beetles that colonize living conifers and their microbial associates encounter constitutive and induced chemical defenses of their host. Monoterpene hydrocarbons comprise a major component of these allelochemicals, and many are antibiotic to insects, fungi, and bacteria. Some bark beetle species exhaust these defenses by killing their host through mass attacks mediated by aggregation pheromones. Others lack adult aggregation pheromones and do not engage in pheromone-mediated mass attacks, but rather have the ability to complete development within live hosts. In the former species, the larvae develop in tissue largely depleted of host terpenes, whereas in the latter exposure to these compounds persists throughout development. A substantial literature exists on how monoterpenes affect bark beetles and their associated fungi, but little is known of how they affect bacteria, which in turn can influence beetle performance in various manners. We tested several bacteria from two bark beetle species for their ability to grow in the presence of a diversity of host monoterpenes. Bacteria were isolated from the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, which typically kills trees during colonization, and the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, which often lives in their host without causing mortality. Bacteria from D. ponderosae were gram-positive Actinobacteria and Bacilli; one yeast also was tested. Bacteria from D. valens were Actinobacteria, Bacilli, and [gamma]-Proteobacteria. Bacteria from D. valens were more tolerant of monoterpenes than were those from D. ponderosae. Bacteria from D. ponderosae did not grow in the presence of [alpha]-pinene and 3-carene, and grew in, but were inhibited by, [beta]-pinene and [beta]-phellandrene. Limonene and myrcene had little inhibitory effect on bacteria from either beetle species. Tolerance to these antibiotic compounds appears to have resulted from adaptation to living in a terpene-rich environment.10aDendroctonus1 aAdams, Aaron, S.1 aBoone, Celia, K.1 aBohlmann, Jorg1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/responses-bark-beetle-associated-bacteria-host-monoterpenes-and-their-relationship-insect-life-histo02404nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245011600055210006900171260000900240300001400249490000700263520168700270653001701957100001801974700001901992700001602011700002002027700001802047856013302065       2009                        eng d  a0045-506700aEffects of symbiotic bacteria and tree chemistry on the growth and reproduction of bark beetle fungal symbionts0 aEffects of symbiotic bacteria and tree chemistry on the growth a  cJune  a1133-11470 v393 aBark beetles are associated with diverse assemblages of microorganisms, many of which affect their interactions with host plants and natural enemies. We tested how bacterial associates of three bark beetles with various types of host relationships affect growth and reproduction of their symbiotic fungi. Fungi were exposed to volatiles from bacteria in an arena that imposed physical separation but shared airspace. We also exposed fungi to vapors of the host compound, [alpha]-pinene, and to combinations of bacterial volatiles and [alpha]-pinene. Bacterial volatiles commonly stimulated growth of Leptographium procerum (W. B. Kendr.) M. J. Wingf. and Grosmannia clavigera (Rob.- Jeffr. & R.W. Davidson) Zipfel, Z.W. de Beer & Wingf., which are symbiotic fungi of Dendroctonus valens LeConte and Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, respectively. They less commonly stimulated growth of Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf., which is associated with Ips grandicollis Eichhoff. Some bacteria inhibited L. procerum, Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx (another associate of D. ponderosae), and O. ips. Bacteria greatly stimulated spore production of symbionts of D. valens and D. ponderosae. [alpha]-Pinene strongly affected some of these relationships, causing amplification, reduction, or reversal of the interactions among the bacteria and fungi. Our results show that some bacteria associated with bark beetles directly affect fungal symbionts and interact with tree chemistry to affect fungal growth and sporulation. The strongest effects were induced by bacteria associated with beetles adapted to attacking living trees with vigorous defenses, and on fungal reproductive structures.10aDendroctonus1 aAdams, A., S.1 aCurrie, C., R.1 aCardoza, Y.1 aKlepzig, K., D.1 aRaffa, K., F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effects-symbiotic-bacteria-and-tree-chemistry-growth-and-reproduction-bark-beetle-fungal-symbionts02180nas a2200229   4500008004100000020001400041245011200055210006900167260001000236300001400246490000800260520137200268653001701640100002301657700002501680700002501705700001801730700002301748700001501771700002901786856013501815       2011                        eng d  a0962-845200aInsect outbreaks produce distinctive carbon isotope signatures in defensive resins and fossiliferous ambers0 aInsect outbreaks produce distinctive carbon isotope signatures i  cNov 7  a3219-32240 v2783 aDespite centuries of research addressing amber and its various inclusions, relatively little is known about the specific events having stimulated the production of geologically relevant volumes of plant resin, ultimately yielding amber deposits. Although numerous hypotheses have invoked the role of insects, to date these have proven difficult to test. Here, we use the current mountain pine beetle outbreak in western Canada as an analogy for the effects of infestation on the stable isotopic composition of carbon in resins. We show that infestation results in a rapid (approx. 1 year) 13C enrichment of fresh lodgepole pine resins, in a pattern directly comparable with that observed in resins collected from uninfested trees subjected to water stress. Furthermore, resin isotopic values are shown to track both the progression of infestation and instances of recovery. These findings can be extended to fossil resins, including Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic and Late Cretaceous New Jersey amber, revealing similar carbon-isotopic patterns between visually clean ambers and those associated with the attack of wood-boring insects. Plant exudate [delta]13C values constitute a sensitive monitor of ecological stress in both modern and ancient forest ecosystems, and provide considerable insight concerning the genesis of amber in the geological record.10aDendroctonus1 aMcKellar, Ryan, C.1 aWolfe, Alexander, P.1 aMuehlenbachs, Karlis1 aTappert, Ralf1 aEngel, Michael, S.1 aCheng, Tao1 aSanchez-Azofeifa, Arturo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/insect-outbreaks-produce-distinctive-carbon-isotope-signatures-defensive-resins-and-fossiliferous-am02525nas a2200217   4500008004500000020001400045245016200059210006900221260001300290300001100303490000700314520171900321653001702040653000802057100002402065700002302089700002102112700002202133700001702155856013502172       2008                        Engldsh    a0046-225X00aInfluence of elevation on bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) community structure and flight periodicity in ponderosa pine forests of Arizona0 aInfluence of elevation on bark beetle Coleoptera Curculionidae S  cFebruary  a94-1090 v373 aWe examined abundance and flight periodicity of five Ips and six Dendroctonus species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) among three different elevation bands in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex. Lawson) forests of northcentral Arizona. Bark beetle populations were monitored at 10 sites in each of three elevation bands (low: 1,600-1,736 m; middle: 2,058-2,230 m; high: 2,505-2,651 m) for 3 yr (2004-2006) using pheromone-baited Lindgren funnel traps. Trap contents were collected weekly from March to December. We also studied temperature differences among the elevation bands and what role this may play in beetle flight behavior. Bark beetles, regardless of species, showed no consistent elevational trend in abundance among the three bands. The higher abundances of Ips lecontei Swaine, I calligraphus ponderosae Swaine, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, and D. brevicomis LeConte at low and middle elevations offset the greater abundance of I. knausi Swaine, D. adjunctus Blandford, D. approximatus Dietz, and D. valens LeConte at high elevations. I. pini (Say) and L latidens LeConte were found in similar numbers across the three bands. Flight periodicity of several species varied among elevation bands. In general, the flight period shortened as elevation increased; flight initiated later and terminated earlier in the year. The timing, number, and magnitude of peaks in flight activity also varied among the elevation bands. These results suggest that abundance and flight seasonality of several bark beetles are related to elevation and the associated temperature differences. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to bark beetle management and population dynamics10aDendroctonus10aIps1 aWilliams, Kelly, K.1 aMcMillin, Joel, D.1 aDeGomez, Tom, E.1 aClancy, Karen, M.1 aMiller, Andy  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/influence-elevation-bark-beetle-coleoptera-curculionidae-scolytinae-community-structure-and-flight-p01768nas a2200265   4500008004500000020001400045245016900059210006900228260000900297300001200306490000700318520076100325653001701086653002701103653003001130653002701160653002701187653003201214653002901246653002401275100002001299700002001319700002801339856013501367       1998                        Engldsh    a0013-874600aChromosome numbers of Dendroctonus parallelocollis and D. rhizophagus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and new reports of Dendroctonus populations from Mexico and Guatemala0 aChromosome numbers of Dendroctonus parallelocollis and D rhizoph  cJuly  a392-3940 v913 aThe male meiotic karyotypic formulae of Dendroctonus parallelocollis Chapuis and D. rhizophagus Thomas & Bright are 13 AA + Xyp. These karyotypes are similar to those from D. valens LeConte (13 AA + Xyp) and D. terebrans Olivier (12 AA + Xyp), a situation that confirms the taxonomic grouping of these species by morphological characteristics and their status as closely related species. The chromosome numbers and the sexual systems of populations of Dendroctonus adjunctus LeConte, D. approximatus Dietz, D. frontalis Zimmermann, D. mexicanus Hopkins, and D. valens agree with what has been published for these species. No geographic variation in the karyotypes, supernumerary chromosomes, or irregular associations were observed in the species examined.10aDendroctonus10aDendroctonus adjunctus10aDendroctonus approximatus10aDendroctonus frontalis10aDendroctonus mexicanus10aDendroctonus parallelocoris10aDendroctonus rhizophagus10aDendroctonus valens1 aZuniga, Gerardo1 aCisneros, Ramon1 aSalinas-Moreno, Yolanda  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/chromosome-numbers-dendroctonus-parallelocollis-and-d-rhizophagus-coleoptera-scolytidae-and-new-repo02776nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245004800055210004700103260000900150300001200159490000600171520221900177653001702396653000802413653001502421653001202436100002602448700002202474700002402496856003802520       2012                        eng d  a2075-445000aWhat is Next in Bark Beetle Phylogeography?0 aWhat is Next in Bark Beetle Phylogeography  cJune  a453-4720 v33 aBark beetle species within the scolytid genera Dendroctonus, Ips, Pityogenes and Tomicus are known to cause extensive ecological and economical damage in spruce and pine forests during epidemic outbreaks all around the world. Dendroctonus ponderosae poses the most recent example having destroyed almost 100,000 km2 of conifer forests in North America. The success and effectiveness of scolytid species lies mostly in strategies developed over the course of time. Among these, a complex system of semiochemicals promotes the communication and aggregation on the spot of infestation facilitating an en masse attack against a host tree's defenses; or an association with fungi that evolved either in the form of nutrition (ambrosia fungi) or even by reducing the resistance of host trees (blue-stain fungi). Although often specific to a tree genus or species, some bark beetles are polyphagous and have the ability to switch on to new hosts and extend their host range (i.e., between conifer genera such as Pityogenes chalcographus or even from conifer to deciduous trees as Polygraphus grandiclava). A combination of these capabilities in concert with life history or ecological traits explains why bark beetles are considered interesting subjects in evolutionary studies. Several bark beetle species appear in phylogeographic investigations, in an effort to improve our understanding of their ecology, epidemiology and evolution. In this paper investigations that unveil the phylogeographic history of bark beetles are reviewed. A close association between refugial areas and postglacial migration routes that insects and host trees have followed in the last 15,000 BP has been suggested in many studies. Finally, a future perspective of how next generation sequencing will influence the resolution of phylogeographic patterns in the coming years is presented. Utilization of such novel techniques will provide a more detailed insight into the genome of scolytids facilitating at the same time the application of neutral and non-neutral markers. The latter markers in particular promise to enhance the study of eco-physiological reaction types like the so-called pioneer beetles or obligate diapausing individuals.10aDendroctonus10aIps10aPityogenes10aTomicus1 aAvtzis, Dimitrios, N.1 aBertheau, Coralie1 aStauffer, Christian  uhttp://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/3/2