@article {13736,
	title = {Do restoration fellings in protected forests increase the risk of bark beetle damages in adjacent forests? A case study from Fennoscandian boreal forest},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {255},
	number = {11},
	year = {2008},
	month = {June 15},
	pages = {3736-3743},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Gap fellings are used to promote multi-cohort structures and to restore other natural forest structures and processes in protected areas that have been altered by anthropogenic activities. Gaps and felled trees may also provide breeding material for species that in high numbers can cause significant tree mortality, growth reduction and consequent economic losses in surrounding production forests. In this study, the effect of restoration gap fellings on feeding intensity of Tomicus spp. (pine shoot beetles) was evaluated by counting fallen pine shoots at different distances from gaps in a protected area in eastern Finland. Gap fellings had a clear effect on the feeding intensity of the beetles. The average density of fallen shoots m-2 was 17 within a 10-m distance from gaps but decreased rapidly to around 4 at the distance of 50 m and beyond. The distance decay in shoot feeding is described well by the negative exponential models. Our results suggest that gap fellings have only a localized effect on shoot feeding by Tomicus in the forests surrounding the restoration gaps. In practical restoration, a buffer zone of 100-200 m around the gap fellings, as implemented here, is enough to minimize economically significant growth reduction in surrounding production forests. As shown in this study, restoration of natural forest structures and dynamics to protect biodiversity is not necessarily in conflict with forest hygiene objectives in production forests.},
	keywords = {Tomicus},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Komonen, Atte and Kouki, Jari}
}
@article {13342,
	title = {The first record of Tomicus destruens (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) in Ukraine},
	journal = {Vestnik Zoologii},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Yanvar-Fevral},
	pages = {84},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {Tomicus, Tomicus destruens, Tomicus piniperda},
	isbn = {0084-5604},
	author = {Khaustov, A. A. and Nikulina, T. V.}
}
@book {9635,
	title = {Chemical Ecology of Bark Beetles in Regard to Search and Selection of Host Trees},
	series = {Recent advances in entomological research: from molecular biology to pest management.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {150-190},
	abstract = {Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), especially pests in the genera Dendroctonus, Ips, Scolytus, Trypodendron, Tomicus, and Pityogenes of the Northern hemisphere are reviewed regarding aspects of their chemical ecology during host finding and selection. Most of the species covered here feed on conifers, primarily pines (Pinus) in the Northern hemisphere and Norway spruce (Picea abies) of Europe and Asia. Bark beetles use a variety of olfactory strategies to discriminate suitable host trees from among less suitable, overcolonized, or decaying hosts as well as nonhosts. Bark beetles also use olfactory strategies to find mates and select attack sites. These strategies have implications for coevolution of trees and bark beetles. Knowledge of the chemical ecology of insect-insect and insect-plant relationships is necessary to develop improved methods for monitoring and controlling bark beetles that are predators of trees.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus, Ips, Pityogenes, Scolytus, Tomicus, Trypodendron},
	isbn = {978-3-642-17814-6},
	author = {Byers, John A. and Zhang, Qinghe},
	editor = {Liu, Tongxian and Kang, Le}
}
@article {9452,
	title = {Feeding ecology of pine shoot beetles (Tomicus spp.) in tree crowns of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands under one-year outbreak},
	journal = {Journal of Forest Science},
	volume = {53},
	number = {10},
	year = {2007},
	month = {October},
	pages = {445-451},
	abstract = {Studies were carried out in southern Poland during 2002-2006 in Scots pine stands under the effect of an outbreak of pine shoot beetles. The qualitative aspects of beetle feeding in tree crowns, studied on the basis of fallen shoots collected on experimental plots, are presented in this paper. The beetle numbers affected the age distribution of damaged shoots and the proportion of multiple attacks. The proportions of one-year-old shoots and the numbers of shoots with more than two attacks increased in the marginal part of the stand in the year of intensive feeding of beetles and in the subsequent year. A similar proportion of shoots with two attacks in both stands under investigations in individual study periods, with no relation to beetle numbers, does not permit to use this characteristic for forecasting purposes. The average length of tunnels in shoots attacked once reached 20 mm at maximum. The average length of tunnels (measured from the place of shoot disruption) was greater in shoots with two attacks than in shoots witha single one (P 0.0001). The difference was not significant (P = 0.3429) only in stand B during the study season 2004-2005. The majority of the tunnels made in apical portions of shoots with two attacks damaged the tissue of apical shoots. The distance between the base of the second tunnel and the shoot apex in shoots with two attacks, and its significant (P 0.01) linear relationship with the length of beetle tunnels, indicated a high nutritional quality of apical portions of shoots.},
	keywords = {Tomicus},
	isbn = {1212-4834},
	author = {Borkowski, A.}
}
@article {5097,
	title = {Description of the Yunnan shoot borer, Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall \& Faccoli sp. n. (Curculionidae, Scolytinae), an unusually aggressive pine shoot beetle from southern China, with a key to the species of Tomicus},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {1819},
	year = {2008},
	month = {9 July},
	pages = {25-39},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We describe a new and highly aggressive species of pine shoot beetle, Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall \& Faccoli, which has been decimating Pinus yunnanensis forests in southwest China for almost three decades. This species was confused with T. piniperda until recent molecular studies showed the SW China populations to be quite divergent from T. piniperda of northeast China and Europe. The clearest morphological differences between these two species lie in the surface sculpture of the elytra: the new species has more widely spaced interstrial granules on the elytral disc, the punctures of interstria 2 on the declivity arranged irregularly and those of striae 1 and 3 smaller. The new species also has dense small hairs on the tip of the antennal club, while T. piniperda has only scattered small hairs on that segment. Mature T. piniperda specimens are uniformly black, while those of T. yunnanensis have the bulk of the elytra lighter than the base of the elytra and the pronotum. The new species is actually more similar to the Mediterranean species T. destruens, which differs in geographical distribution and in having the punctures of interstria 2 dense on the declivity and light-colored antennae. Species of Tomicus are of general concern to foresters because of their impact on conifer growth, but good illustrations for many species are lacking. We here provide a detailed key to all seven species of the genus (T. minor, T. piniperda, T. destruens, T. brevipilosus, T. yunnanensis and the virtually unknown T. puellus and T. pilifer) as well as diagnostic photographs and drawings. We summarize the biological differences between the new species and T. piniperda and recommend improved communication between taxonomists and forest entomologists, as avoidable taxonomic confusion such as that of T. yunnanensis and T. destruens with T. piniperda hinders the combatting of outbreaks of forest insects.},
	keywords = {Tomicus, Tomicus yunnanensis},
	isbn = {1175-5326},
	url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa},
	author = {Kirkendall, Lawrence R. and Faccoli, Massimo and Hui, Ye}
}
@article {4922,
	title = {What is Next in Bark Beetle Phylogeography?},
	journal = {Insects},
	volume = {3},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {June},
	pages = {453-472},
	abstract = {Bark beetle species within the scolytid genera Dendroctonus, Ips, Pityogenes and Tomicus are known to cause extensive ecological and economical damage in spruce and pine forests during epidemic outbreaks all around the world. Dendroctonus ponderosae poses the most recent example having destroyed almost 100,000 km2 of conifer forests in North America. The success and effectiveness of scolytid species lies mostly in strategies developed over the course of time. Among these, a complex system of semiochemicals promotes the communication and aggregation on the spot of infestation facilitating an en masse attack against a host tree{\textquoteright}s defenses; or an association with fungi that evolved either in the form of nutrition (ambrosia fungi) or even by reducing the resistance of host trees (blue-stain fungi). Although often specific to a tree genus or species, some bark beetles are polyphagous and have the ability to switch on to new hosts and extend their host range (i.e., between conifer genera such as Pityogenes chalcographus or even from conifer to deciduous trees as Polygraphus grandiclava). A combination of these capabilities in concert with life history or ecological traits explains why bark beetles are considered interesting subjects in evolutionary studies. Several bark beetle species appear in phylogeographic investigations, in an effort to improve our understanding of their ecology, epidemiology and evolution. In this paper investigations that unveil the phylogeographic history of bark beetles are reviewed. A close association between refugial areas and postglacial migration routes that insects and host trees have followed in the last 15,000 BP has been suggested in many studies. Finally, a future perspective of how next generation sequencing will influence the resolution of phylogeographic patterns in the coming years is presented. Utilization of such novel techniques will provide a more detailed insight into the genome of scolytids facilitating at the same time the application of neutral and non-neutral markers. The latter markers in particular promise to enhance the study of eco-physiological reaction types like the so-called pioneer beetles or obligate diapausing individuals.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus, Ips, Pityogenes, Tomicus},
	isbn = {2075-4450},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/3/2},
	author = {Avtzis, Dimitrios N. and Bertheau, Coralie and Stauffer, Christian}
}
