@article {11985,
	title = {Evaluation of multiple funnel traps and stand characteristics for estimating western pine beetle-caused tree mortality},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {102},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	month = {December},
	pages = {2170-2182},
	abstract = {The western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is a major cause of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., mortality in much of western North America. This study was designed to quantify relationships between western pine beetle trap catches (including those of its primary invertebrate predator Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae)), and levels of tree mortality attributed to western pine beetle at 44 trapping sites (stands) and within five general locations (forests) in California. Furthermore, we evaluated relationships between forest stand characteristics and levels of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality. Preliminary analyses were conducted by Pearson{\textquoteright}s correlation coefficient (r) using tree mortality per hectare and percentage of tree mortality and 10 potential predictor variables. All predictor variables that had significant correlations (western pine beetle per day, western pine beetle: T. chlorodia, percentage of western pine beetle (percentage of total trap catch represented by western pine beetle), trees per hectare, basal area of all tree species, basal area of P. ponderosa, mean diameter at breast height (dbh) and stand density index) were considered for linear and multiple linear regression models for predicting levels of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality. Our results suggest monitoring western pine beetle populations through the use of pheromone-baited multiple funnel traps is not air effective means of predicting levels of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality. However, levels of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality can be efficiently predicted (adjusted R2>0.90) at large spatial scales (forests; [approximately equal]3,000-14,000 ha of contiguous host) by simply measuring stand density, specifically the basal area of all tree species or stand density index. The implications of these results to forest management are discussed.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicomis},
	isbn = {0022-0493},
	author = {Hayes, Christopher J. and Fettig, Christopher J. and Merrill, Laura D.}
}
@article {11286,
	title = {Semiochemical sabotage: behavioral chemicals for protection of western conifers from bark beetles},
	journal = {U S Forest Service General Technical Report PNW},
	volume = {784},
	year = {2009},
	month = {April},
	pages = {85-109},
	abstract = {The discovery and elucidation of volatile behavioral chemicals used by bark beetles to locate hosts and mates has revealed a rich potential for humans to sabotage beetle host-finding and reproduction. Here, we present a description of currently available semiochemical methods for use in monitoring and controlling bark beetle pests in western conifer forests. Delivery systems include hand-applied methods, such as semiochemical-releasing bubblecaps, pouches, and "puffers," as well as products that can be applied by aircraft such as semiochemical-releasing flakes. Descriptions of both attractant-based ("pull") and anti-attractant-based ("push") strategies are provided. Examples are provided for the major bark beetle pests in western North America, including the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte), the Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins), the spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)), and the red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens LeConte),.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicomis, Dendroctonus ponderosae, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Dendroctonus rufipennis, Dendroctonus valens},
	isbn = {0363-6224},
	author = {Gillette, Nancy E. and Munson, A. Steve}
}
@article {10974,
	title = {Responses of Dendroctonus brevicomis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Behavioral Assays: Implications to Development of a Semiochemical-Based Tool for Tree Protection},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {105},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {149-160},
	abstract = {Currently, techniques for managing western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), infestations are limited to tree removals (thinning) that reduce stand density and presumably host susceptibility, and/or the use of insecticides to protect individual trees. There continues to be significant interest in developing an effective semiochemical-based tool for protecting trees from D. brevicomis attack, largely as an alternative to conventional insecticides. The responses of D. brevicomis to tree volatiles and verbenone were documented in eight experiments (trapping assays) conducted over a 4-yr period in which 88,942 individuals were collected. Geraniol, a tree volatile unique to Pinus ponderosa that elicits female-specific antennal responses in D. brevicomis, did not affect D. brevicomis behavior. Blends of two green leaf alcohols (hexanol + (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol) tested at two release rates (5.0 and 100.0 mg/d) had no effect on the response of D. brevicomis to attractant-baited traps. A nine-component blend ( benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, guaiacol, nonanal, salicylaldehyde, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (-)-verbenone; NAVV) and subsequent revisions of this blend disrupted the response of D. brevicomis to attractant-baited traps in all experiments. The inhibitory effect of a revised five-component blend (nonanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (-)-verbenone; NAVV5) on the response of mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, to attractant-baited traps was also documented. Acetophenone significantly reduced D. brevicomis attraction, but was not as effective as verbenone alone. Acetophenone increased the effectiveness of NAVV5 in one of two experiments. Furthermore, by adding acetophenone to NAVV5 we were able to remove the aldehydes from NAVV5 without compromising effectiveness, resulting in a novel four-component blend ( acetophenone, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol + (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (-)-verbenone; Verbenone Plus). We discuss the implications of these and other results to development of Verbenone Plus as a semiochemical-based tool for management of D. brevicomis and D. ponderosae infestations.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicomis},
	isbn = {0022-0493},
	author = {Fettig, Christopher J. and McKelvey, Stephen R. and Dabney, Christopher P. and Huber, Dezene P. W.}
}
@article {10899,
	title = {Assessing forest vulnerability and the potential distribution of pine beetles under current and future climate scenarios in the Interior West of the US},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {262},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Aug 1},
	pages = {307-316},
	abstract = {The aim of our study was to estimate forest vulnerability and potential distribution of three bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) under current and projected climate conditions for 2020 and 2050. Our study focused on the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis), and pine engraver (Ips pini). This study was conducted across eight states in the Interior West of the US covering approximately 2.2 million km2 and encompassing about 95\% of the Rocky Mountains in the contiguous US. Our analyses relied on aerial surveys of bark beetle outbreaks that occurred between 1991 and 2008. Occurrence points for each species were generated within polygons created from the aerial surveys. Current and projected climate scenarios were acquired from the WorldClim database and represented by 19 bioclimatic variables. We used Maxent modeling technique fit with occurrence points and current climate data to model potential beetle distributions and forest vulnerability. Three available climate models, each having two emission scenarios, were modeled independently and results averaged to produce two predictions for 2020 and two predictions for 2050 for each analysis. Environmental parameters defined by current climate models were then used to predict conditions under future climate scenarios, and changes in different species{\textquoteright} ranges were calculated. Our results suggested that the potential distribution for bark beetles under current climate conditions is extensive, which coincides with infestation trends observed in the last decade. Our results predicted that suitable habitats for the mountain pine beetle and pine engraver beetle will stabilize or decrease under future climate conditions, while habitat for the western pine beetle will continue to increase over time. The greatest increase in habitat area was for the western pine beetle, where one climate model predicted a 27\% increase by 2050. In contrast, the predicted habitat of the mountain pine beetle from another climate model suggested a decrease in habitat areas as great as 46\% by 2050. Generally, 2020 and 2050 models that tested the three climate scenarios independently had similar trends, though one climate scenario for the western pine beetle produced contrasting results. Ranges for all three species of bark beetles shifted considerably geographically suggesting that some host species may become more vulnerable to beetle attack in the future, while others may have a reduced risk over time. [copyright]2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicomis, Dendroctonus ponderosae, Ips pini},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Evangelista, Paul H. and Kumar, Sunil and Stohlgren, Thomas J. and Young, Nicholas E.}
}
@article {10873,
	title = {Acetophenone superior to verbenone for reducing attraction of western pine beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis to its aggregation pheromone},
	journal = {Agricultural and Forest Entomology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {November},
	pages = {433-441},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {1 The western pine beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is one of the most damaging insect pests of ponderosa pines Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. \& C. Lawson in Western U.S.A. We compared the effect of verbenone, a well known bark beetle anti-aggregation pheromone, with that of acetophenone on the attraction of D. brevicomis to its aggregation pheromone in a ponderosa pine forest in northern California. We tested the D. brevicomis aggregation pheromone alone and with three different release ratios of the aggregation pheromone (attractant) to verbenone or acetophenone (1 : 1, 1 : 2 and 1 : 5).2 All treatments containing acetophenone or verbenone resulted in a significant reduction in the catch of D. brevicomis relative to the aggregation pheromone alone. When beetle responses to the three verbenone or three acetophenone treatments were pooled, the pooled verbenone treatment caught more D. brevicomis than the pooled acetophenone treatment.3 There was no significant difference in the number of D. brevicomis caught among the three release rates of verbenone. By contrast, the 1 : 2 attractant : acetophenone ratio attracted significantly more D. brevicomis than the traps with the 1 : 5 attractant : acetophenone ratio.4 Attraction of a major predator, Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), to the aggregation pheromone of D. brevicomis was reduced by verbenone, but not by acetophenone. Moreover, the T. chlorodia : D. brevicomis ratio for the pooled acetophenone treatment was 1.7-fold greater than that for the attractant alone and two-fold greater than the ratio for the pooled verbenone treatment, suggesting that acetophenone would not disrupt populations of this natural enemy. The importance of anti-attractants in the biology of D. brevicomis and other bark beetles is discussed.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicomis},
	isbn = {1461-9555},
	author = {Erbilgin, Nadir and Gillette, Nancy E. and Owen, Donald R. and Mori, Sylvia R. and Nelson, Andrew S. and Uzoh, Fabian and Wood, David L.}
}
@article {10872,
	title = {Acetophenone as an anti-attractant for the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	volume = {33},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April},
	pages = {817-823},
	abstract = {Host location and colonization by bark beetles is dependent upon the relative and absolute amounts of attractant and antiattractant compounds available. Many investigations have lead to use of antiattractants for the management of these pests and have been especially focused on verbenone. However, recent studies have identified new antiattractants for several species of bark beetles. We report results of recent investigations of the response of western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, to two recently identified antiattractants, acetophenone, and fenchyl alcohol, with verbenone as a standard of comparison, in northern California. Release of both acetophenone and verbenone resulted in significantly lower trap catches of D. brevicomis in aggregation pheromone-baited traps, while fenchyl alcohol was inactive. Acetophenone was the only antiattractant that did not reduce numbers of the most abundant predator of D. brevicomis, Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim), responding to the attractant pheromone of its prey. Aggregation pheromone-baited traps with acetophenone also had the highest predator/prey ratio. Our results suggest that acetophenone may be part of the intra- and interspecific interactions among sympatric species of bark beetles and may have application in their control.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicomis},
	isbn = {0098-0331},
	author = {Erbilgin, N. and Gillette, N. E. and Mori, S. R. and Stein, J. D. and Owen, D. R. and Wood, D. L.}
}
@article {10611,
	title = {Oleoresin Chemistry Mediates Oviposition Behavior and Fecundity of a Tree-Killing Bark Beetle},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {11},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1177-1183},
	abstract = {Many herbivores are sensitive to the secondary chemistry of their host plants. However, the influence of pine secondary chemicals (monoterpenes) on bark beetle fitness is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that the monoterpene composition of the phloem oleoresin of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa var scopulorum, mediates rates of host acceptance, oviposition behavior, and fecundity of the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis. We performed reciprocal rearing experiments, controlling for the monoterpene composition (chemotype) of host material. We tested the effects of two geographically interspersed host chemotypes on beetles with unknown (wild) and known (reared F1) chemical histories. Host chemotype and insect chemical history did not affect rates of acceptance of host material by female beetles. Insect chemical history affected egg gallery construction, and beetles constructed egg galleries that were on average 24.3\% longer when reared in host material that was chemically similar to their natal host material. However, mean egg gallery lengths did not differ between host chemotypes. Insect chemical history also influenced fecundity: F1 beetles produced 52.7\% more offspring on average when reared in host material that was chemically similar to their natal host. Our experiments demonstrate that the chemical history of bark beetles mediates egg gallery construction and fecundity, but not host acceptance. This implicates chemical history as a more important factor than host chemotype in the oviposition behavior and fecundity of D. brevicomis.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicomis},
	isbn = {0098-0331},
	author = {Davis, Thomas S. and Hofstetter, Richard W.}
}
@article {8962,
	title = {Lack of genetic differentiation in aggressive and secondary bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Arizona},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {June},
	pages = {817-824},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) play an important role as disturbance agents in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson) forests of Arizona. However, from 2001 to 2003, elevated bark beetle activity caused unprecedented levels of ponderosa pine mortality. A better understanding of the population structure of these species will facilitate analysis of their dispersal patterns and improve management strategies. Here, we use fluorescently labeled amplified fragment length polymorphism (fAFLP) analysis to resolve genetic variation among and within sampling locations in northcentral Arizona of Ips pini (Say), Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, and D. frontalis Zimmermann. We generated genetic fingerprints for >500 beetle specimens and analyzed genetic diversity. For all species, gene flow estimates among sampling locations were high, and significant population subdivision was not discernible across a large portion of ponderosa pine forests in Arizona. However, a weak relationship was detected with L pini population structure and elevation. Because of the lack of genetic differentiation detected throughout the large study area, our findings suggest these insects are capable of long distance dispersal and exhibit a high degree of gene flow across abroad region. We conclude that our results are consistent with strong dispersal patterns and large population sizes of all three species.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicomis, Dendroctonus frontalis, Ips pini},
	isbn = {0046-225X},
	author = {Allender, Christopher J. and Clancy, Karen M. and DeGomez, Tom E. and McMillin, Joel D. and Woolbright, Scott A. and Keim, Paul and Wagner, David M.}
}
@article {2718,
	title = {Comparative anatomical and histological study of the alimentary canal if the Dendroctonus fontalis (Coleoptera: Scotylidae) complex},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {93},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Zoor13600072553},
	month = {March},
	pages = {303-311},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In this study we compared the anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal of Dentroctonus approximatus Dietz, D. mexicanus Hopkins, D. frontalis Zimmermann, and D. brevicomis LeConte. The results show that these species share similar characteristics, and their structural pattern is comparable to that observed in other Dendroctonus species. These 4 species have characteristics not found in other bark beetle genera in the esophagus, crop, proventriculus, and hindgut. The close relationship of the Malpighian tubules to posterior foregut, anterior midgut, and distal hindgut is also different. Additionally, the midgut of the D. frontalis complex species shows a great cellular diversity, which suggests that this region may be involved in pheromone production.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus approximatus, Dendroctonus brevicomis, Dendroctonus frontalis, Dendroctonus mexicanus},
	isbn = {0013-8746},
	author = {Cisneros, Elba Diaz Ramon and Zuniga, Gerardo}
}
