@article {13275,
	title = {Teratorhabditis synpapillata Sudhaus, 1985 (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) is an associate of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Nematology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {207-218},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Teratorhabditis synpapillata, originally described from cow dung in Bali, was isolated from the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, in Japan. Dauer juveniles were isolated from beneath the elytra of five specimens of R. ferrugineus that had emerged from a dead Canary Island date palm, Phoenix canariensis, in Kagoshima, Japan. The dauer juveniles were cultured on a NGM agar plate and the adult nematodes observed and measured with the aid of light microscopy. The full length of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) and D2/D3 expansion segment of the ribosomal large subunit (LSU) were sequenced for molecular identification. Based upon morphology, molecular profile and a hybridisation test, the nematode was confirmed as T. synpapillata. A comparison of morphology and morphometrics suggests that the only other nematode reported from R. ferrugineus (= {\textquoteright}Pelodera rhynchophori{\textquoteright}) is also conspecific with T. synpapillata. A phylogenetic analysis using SSU and LSU rRNA gene sequences fully resolves the relationships of four Teratorhabditis and six outgroup species and demonstrates a sister group relationship of T. synpapillata and T. palmarum, another associate of palm weevils.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Kanzaki, Natsumi and Abe, Fukiko and Giblin-Davis, Robin M. and Kiontke, Karin and Fitch, David H. A. and Hata, Kunihiko and Sone, Koichi}
}
@article {11273,
	title = {Chemical and behavioral ecology of palm weevils (Curculionidae: Rhynchophorinae)},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {79},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {153-167},
	abstract = {Palm weevils in the subfamily Rhynchophorinae (Curculionidae) (Rhynchophorus spp., Dynamis borassi, Metamasius hemipterus, Rhabdoscelus obscurus, and Paramasius distortus) use male-produced aggregation pheromones for intraspecific chemical communication. Pheromones comprise 8, 9, or 10 carbon, methyl-branched, secondary alcohols. (4S,5S)-4-Methyl-5-nonanol (ferrugineol) is the major aggregation pheromone for R. ferrugineus, R. vulneratus, R, bilineatus, M. hemipterus, and D. borassi and a minor component for R. palmarum. (5S,4S)-5-Methyl-4-octanol (cruentol), (3S,4S)-3-methyl-4-octanol (phoenicol), and (4S,2E)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol (rhynchophorol) are the main aggregation pheromones for R. cruentatus, R. phoenicis, and R. palmarum, respectively. Plant kairomones strongly enhance pheromone attractiveness but none of the identified volatiles, such as ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, or ethyl butyrate are as synergistic as fermenting plant (palm or sugarcane) tissue. Studying orientation behavior of foraging weevils to semiochemical devices helped to design and test traps for weevil capture. Generally, 3 mg per day of synthetic pheromone (with non-natural stereoisomers being benign) plus insecticide-treated plant tissue constitute highly attractive trap baits. Potential exists for pheromone-based mass-trapping of weevils to reduce their populations and the spread of the weevil-vectored red ring disease, for monitoring their population dynamics to facilitate pest management decisions, and for detection and possible interception of non-native weevils at ports of entry.},
	keywords = {Dynamis borassi, Metamasius hemipterus, Rhabdoscelus obscurus, Rhynchophorus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {GiblinDavis, R. M. and Oehlschlager, A. C. and Perez, A. and Gries, G. and Gries, R. and Weissling, T. J. and Chinchilla, C. M. and Pena, J. E. and Hallett, R. H. and Pierce, H. D. and Gonzalez, L. M.}
}
@article {9960,
	title = {Potential ecological implications of human entomophagy by subsistence groups of the Neotropics},
	journal = {Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {81-93},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The practice of human entomophagy is important to the livelihood of many subsistence cultures. Insect foods are a source of protein in traditional diets and are often considered delicacies. While considerable research has been conducted on the nutritional benefits of insects to human welfare, there has been little focus on understanding how harvests of insect foods can potentially impact local ecology. In this paper, I address the potential ecological consequences of insect harvesting activities with a focus on Neotropical subsistence communities. I confine my discussion to four insect foods - palm weevils, bruchid beetles, ants, and termites. Insect harvesting has the potential to not only influence insect populations but also to alter ecological interactions between plant and insects. I propose that rigorous studies on insect harvest intensity, in space and time, are necessary steps in understanding the full effects of harvesting activities on insect populations and broader forest communities. Research on the ecological implications of insect harvests are important in the face of potential increases in the demand for insect food as a result of rapid population growth within indigenous communities and increased hunting pressures on wild game.},
	keywords = {Rhinostomus barbirostris, Rhynchophorus},
	author = {Choo, Juanita}
}
