@article {15212,
	title = {Response of large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) beetles to insecticides with different mechanisms of action},
	journal = {Progress in Plant Protection},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {149-157},
	abstract = {Responses (knock-down and mortality) of large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) beetles to insecticides of different mechanism of action such as neonicotinoids (clotianidin, acetamiprid) acting on nicotinic receptors of acetylcholine (ACh), pyrethroids (deltamethrin, [alpha]-cypermethrin) blocking sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, organophosphates (chlorpiryfos) and carbamates (carbosulfan) both inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and fenylpirazoles (fipronil) interfering with a-butyric acid (GABA) receptors were studied. Taking into account speed of insect decay the order of examined groups of substances may be established as follows: first place is occupied by insecticides interferring with GABA receptors, second place by insecticides blocking AChE activity, and third place in parallel insecticides blocking sodium channels and those acting on nicotinic receptors of ACh.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {1427-4337},
	author = {Malinowski, Henryk}
}
@article {14440,
	title = {Response of large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) beetles to insecticides with different mechanisms of action},
	journal = {Progress in Plant Protection},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {149-157},
	abstract = {Responses (knock-down and mortality) of large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) beetles to insecticides of different mechanism of action such as neonicotinoids (clotianidin, acetamiprid) acting on nicotinic receptors of acetylcholine (ACh), pyrethroids (deltamethrin, [alpha]-cypermethrin) blocking sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, organophosphates (chlorpiryfos) and carbamates (carbosulfan) both inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and fenylpirazoles (fipronil) interfering with a-butyric acid (GABA) receptors were studied. Taking into account speed of insect decay the order of examined groups of substances may be established as follows: first place is occupied by insecticides interferring with GABA receptors, second place by insecticides blocking AChE activity, and third place in parallel insecticides blocking sodium channels and those acting on nicotinic receptors of ACh.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {1427-4337},
	author = {Malinowski, Henryk}
}
@article {13976,
	title = {Phoretic dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes by Hylobius abietis},
	journal = {Nematology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {419-427},
	abstract = {Phoresis is a strategy in which one organism (the phoretic) attaches to another (the host) for the implied purpose of dispersal and is valuable for small flightless invertebrates with limited mobility. Previous work has shown that the relatively immobile larvae of Hylobius abietis (the large pine weevil) are highly susceptible to entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and support nematode reproduction whereas adults do not. Here, we demonstrate that the infective juveniles (IJ) of two species of EPN, Heterorhabditis megidis and Steinernema carpocapsae, can use the resistant but highly mobile adults of H. abietis for phoretic dispersal. The ability to use adult H. abietis for phoresis depended on nematode species and habitat (sand vs peat) and there was no evidence of sex-biased dispersal in S. carpocapsae for which the IJ are dioecious. We hypothesise that phoretic dispersal may be a significant mechanism to avoid sibling competition and inbreeding in EPN, which produce tens of thousands of offspring at point sources in a relatively impenetrable habitat.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Kruitbos, Laura M. and Heritage, Stuart and Wilson, Michael J.}
}
@article {13268,
	title = {Infestation by a Nalepella species induces emissions of alpha - and beta -farnesenes, (-)-linalool and aromatic compounds in Norway spruce clones of different susceptibility to the large pine weevil},
	journal = {Arthropod-Plant Interactions},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {March},
	pages = {31-41},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The emissions of spruce grafts (Picea abies), caused by infestation of an acarid species of the genus Nalepella were investigated. Volatiles of three clones, both healthy and infested, with different susceptibility to the large pine weevil Hylobius abietis were collected by solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatograph coupled to mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, enantiomers of the main chiral compounds were separated by a two dimensional-gas chromatograph (2DGC). In the characteristic flower-like fragrances emitted by the infested grafts large amounts of E-[beta]-farnesene, E,E-[alpha]-farnesene, (-)-linalool, methyl salicylate and minute amounts of benzyl alcohol, E-anethole, methyl benzoate, neral and geranial were found. All together, these compounds could explain the characteristic scent emitted by the infested seedlings. Large differences in the emissions of E-[beta]- farnesene, E,E-[alpha]-farnesene and methyl salicylate were found between but not within the clones.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	author = {Kannaste, Astrid and Vongvanich, Namphung and Borg-Karlson, Anna-Karin}
}
@article {11916,
	title = {Host activity and wasp experience affect parasitoid wasp foraging behaviour and oviposition on nematode-infected larvae of the forestry pest Hylobius abietis},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {269-282},
	abstract = {1. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are currently being used as introduced biological control agents against the larvae of the native European forestry pest Hylobius abietis L. which develop under the bark of stumps and roots of newly dead conifer trees. 2. The potential for resource competition between gregarious ectoparasitoid Bracon hylobii Ratz and EPN by recording oviposition and related behaviours of B. hylobii females on EPN-infected H. abietis larvae was investigated. Wasps did not parasitise EPN-infected host larvae that were dead when presented, but naive and experienced wasps parasitised live EPN-infected hosts. Naive wasps parasitised live EPN-infected hosts significantly less frequently than healthy hosts only when the infected larvae were close to death (i.e. died during 24-h trial). Parasitism by experienced wasps was unaffected by host infection. 3. Wasp probing and oviposition were positively associated with the amount of host movement. Preventing H. abietis larvae from chewing on bark significantly reduced parasitism by naive, but not experienced wasps. 4. The number of eggs per clutch was not affected by bark chewing or EPN-infection of H. abietis larvae. 5. Naive and experienced B. hylobii parasitised two abnormal hosts (larvae of coleopteran Rhagium bifasciatum Fabricius and lepidopteran Galleria mellonella L.), both of which moved and chewed on bark during trials. 6. It was concluded that B. hylobii can use vibrational cues generated by host movement and feeding to locate hosts at short range and accepts unsuitable (EPN-infected or abnormal) hosts as long as these create such cues. The implications for competition between B. hylobii and EPN and possible ways of minimising it when applying EPN are discussed.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0307-6946},
	author = {Harvey, Christopher D. and Griffin, Christine T.}
}
@article {11915,
	title = {The impact of entomopathogenic nematodes on a non-target, service-providing longhorn beetle is limited by targeted application when controlling forestry pest Hylobius abietis},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {62},
	number = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {NIL_0059-NIL_0068},
	abstract = {Entomopathogenic nematodes are being applied to tree stumps on coniferous clearfell sites in Europe for inundative biological control of the large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis; Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a major forestry pest. We investigated the risk that two nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis downesi (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), present to longhorn beetle Rhagium bifasciatum (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a service-providing, non-target saproxylic insect on clearfell sites. In a Petri dish assay, larvae of R. bifasciatum were less susceptible (LC50 24-42) than pupae or adults (LC50 <= 10) to infective juveniles (IJs) of S. carpocapsae and H. downesi. S. carpocapsae and H. downesi reproduced within R. bifasciatum larvae, pupae and adults, with up to 130,000 IJs emerging per insect. When we applied 1.8 million IJs (half the number recommended per tree stump containing pine weevil) to deadwood logs in laboratory and field experiments, both nematode species infected more than 50\% of R. bifasciatum within the logs. Field application at a lower, more realistic rate (18,000 IJs per log) resulted in 0-11\% infection. The two nematode species caused similar rates of infection within logs and infected R. bifasciatum larvae more than 4 cm deep within the wood. On six clearfell sites sampled one to twelve months after S. carpocapsae had been inundatively applied to tree stumps for suppression of pine weevil, < 10\% of deadwood logs contained infected R. bifasciatum and < 4\% of 1989 R. bifasciatum individuals in logs were infected. Infection was recorded a year after nematodes had been applied, however, suggesting that nematodes were recycling within logs in the field. Incidence of R. bifasciatum infection decreased significantly with increasing distance between a log and the nearest treated tree stump. Thus, our results indicate that entomopathogenic nematodes can infect and recycle in R. bifasciatum, but that the risk to this and other saproxylic non-target insects is limited by the targeted application of nematodes to tree stumps. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Harvey, Christopher D. and Alameen, Khalil M. and Griffin, Christine T.}
}
@article {11479,
	title = {Occurrence of Hylobius spp. in Carinthia},
	journal = {Forstschutz Aktuell},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Dezember},
	pages = {10-14},
	abstract = {The occurrence of Hylobius spp. was investigated at several localities in the Carinthian districts of Feldkirchen, Klagenfurt-Land and of Valkermarkt in the year 2005. Another aim was to test the lure effect of different tree species as trap material to attract beetles. In total, 5276 adult Hylobius spp. - 5256 H. abietis and 20 H. piceus - were collected. The occurrence of these two species was different during the seasons. in the majority of cases more beetles were collected on spruce bark pieces than on pine and larch log sections.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {1815-5103; 1815-5111},
	author = {Griesser, Sonja and Kritsch, Peter and Wegensteiner, Rudolf}
}
@article {11303,
	title = {Beauveria caledonica is a naturally occurring pathogen of forest beetles},
	journal = {Mycological Research},
	volume = {112},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {March},
	pages = {352-360},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In New Zealand, two introduced scolytid beetles, Hylastes ater and Hylurgus ligniperda (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are pests in pine plantations. Investigation of the naturally occurring pathogens of these exotic pests revealed that both are attacked by Beauveria caledonica, a species originally isolated and described from soil in Scotland. The isolates in New Zealand were identical in morphology and conserved DNA region (rDNA, elongation factor a) sequence to isolates held in the USDA-ARS insect pathogens culture collection. In bioassay, the B. caledonica isolates were highly pathogenic to adults of H. ligniperda and larvae of Tenebrio molitor. Sporulation. was observed on cadavers, confirming the species can utilise the cadavers. As both species were likely to have been introduced to New Zealand from Europe, a search was made for B. caledonica in the northern UK and Ireland. The fungus was found as a naturally-occurring pathogen of the weevil pest, Hylobius abietis (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), developing in spruce and other beetles in forests in both regions. (C) 2007 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Hylastes ater, Hylobius abietis, Hylurgus ligniperda},
	isbn = {0953-7562},
	author = {Glare, Travis R. and Reay, Stephen D. and Nelson, Tracey L. and Moore, Roger}
}
@article {11290,
	title = {The lethal and sub-lethal consequences of entomopathogenic nematode infestation and exposure for adult pine weevils, Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {104},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {195-202},
	abstract = {Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) frequently kill their host within 1-2 days, and interest in EPN focuses mainly on their lethality. However, insects may take longer to die, or may fail to die despite being infected, but little is known about the effects of EPN infection on insects, other than death. Here we investigate both lethal and sub-lethal effects of infection by two EPN species, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis downesi, on adults of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis. Following 12 h nematode-weevil contact in peat, S. carpocapsae killed a significantly higher proportion of weevils (87-93\%) than H. downesi (43-57\%) at all concentrations tested. Less than 10\% of weevils were dead within 2 days, and weevils continued to die for up to 10 days after exposure (LT50 of 3 days or more). In a separate experiment, live weevils dissected 6 days after a 24 h exposure to nematodes on filter paper harbored encapsulated and dead nematodes, showing that weevils could defend themselves against infection. Some live weevils also harbored live nematodes 6 days after they had been removed from the nematode infested medium. Feeding by weevils was not affected by infection with, or exposure to, either species of EPN. We discuss these results in relation to the use of EPN in biological control against H. abietis. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Girling, R. D. and Ennis, D. and Dillon, A. B. and Griffin, C. T.}
}
@article {10904,
	title = {Competition and intraguild predation between the braconid parasitoid Bracon hylobii and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis downesi, natural enemies of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {April},
	pages = {151-161},
	abstract = {In biological control programmes introduced natural enemies compete with indigenous enemies for hosts and may also engage in intraguild predation when two species competing for the same prey attack and consume one another. The large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important pest of coniferous reforestation in Europe. Among its natural enemies, the parasitoid Bracon hylobii Ratz. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and entomopathogenic nematodes have potential as biological control agents. Both parasitoid and nematodes target the weevil larvae and, hence, there is potential for competition or intraguild predation.In this study, we examine the interaction of B. hylobii with the nematode Heterorhabditis downesi Stock, Griffin and Burnell (Nematode: Heterorhabditidae), testing the susceptibility of larvae, pupae and adults of B. hylobii to H. downesi and whether female parasitoids discriminate between nematode-infected and uninfected weevils for oviposition. In choice tests, when weevils were exposed to nematodes 1-7 days previously, no B. hylobii oviposited on nematode-infected weevil larvae. Up to 24 h, healthy weevils were twice as likely as nematode-infected ones to be used for oviposition. Bracon hylobii females did not adjust clutch size; nematode-infected hosts were either rejected or the parasitoid laid a full clutch of eggs on them.When nematodes were applied to the parasitoid feeding on weevil larvae, the nematodes parasitized the parasitoid larvae, there was a reduction in cocoon formation and fewer cocoons eclosed. Eclosion rate was not reduced when nematodes were applied to fully formed cocoons, but nearly all of the emerging adults were killed by nematodes.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0007-4853},
	author = {Everard, A. and Griffin, C. T. and Dillon, A. B.}
}
@article {10883,
	title = {Antifeedants and feeding stimulants in bark extracts of ten woody non-host species of the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {10},
	year = {2008},
	month = {October},
	pages = {1290-1297},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Bark of ten woody species, known to be rejected as a food source by the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis, were sequentially extracted by a Soxhlet apparatus with pentane followed by methanol. Species were alder (Alnus glutinosa), aspen (Populus tremula), beech (Fagus sylvatica), guelder rose (Viburnum opulus), holly (Ilex aquifolium), horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), lilac (Syringa vulgaris), spindle tree (Evonymus europaeus), walnut (Juglans regia), and yew (Taxus baccata). Bark of each species was collected in southern Scandinavia during the summer. Resulting extracts were tested for antifeedant activity against the pine weevil by a micro-feeding choice assay. At a dose corresponding to that in the bark, methanol extracts from Aesculus, Taxus, Ilex, and Populus were antifeedant active, while pentane extracts of Aesculus, Fagus, Syringa, and Viburnum were stimulatory. Four known antifeedants against H. abietis, the straight-chained carboxylic acids, hexanoic and nonanoic acid (C6 and C9), carvone, and carvacrol were identified by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) in several extracts. The major constituents were identified and tested for feeding deterrence. The aromatic compounds benzyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol are new non-host plant-derived feeding deterrents for the pine weevil. Additionally, two feeding stimulants, [beta]-sitosterol and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde, were identified. One active methanol extract of Aesculus bark was sequentially fractionated by liquid chromatography, and major compounds were tentatively identified as branched alcohols and esters of hexanoic acid. Five commercially available hexanoate esters and two commercially available branched alcohols were identified as new active antifeedants. Both stimulatory and inhibiting compounds were found in the same extracts and co-eluted in the same or adjacent fractions. The mix of semiochemicals of opposite activity in each extract or fraction could explain the stimulatory-, inhibitory-, or sometimes neutral activity. Generally, such co-occurrence confounds the isolation of antifeedants.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0098-0331},
	author = {Eriksson, Carina and Mansson, Per E. and Sjodin, Kristina and Schlyter, Fredrik}
}
@article {10852,
	title = {Pine weevils modulate defensive behaviour in response to parasites of differing virulence},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	volume = {80},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {283-288},
	abstract = {Grooming and avoidance of contaminated areas are among the behavioural defences employed by animals against parasites. Antiparasite defence behaviour is costly in terms of time, energy and/or food foregone and therefore animals are expected to modulate their defences depending on the risk of attack and/or the severity of the symptoms caused. We tested the hypothesis that an insect host invests more in defence against more virulent (more likely to cause death) than less virulent parasites. We tested avoidance and grooming of adult pine weevils, Hylobius abietis, in response to infective juveniles of two species of entomopathogenic nematodes, the more virulent Steinernema carpocapsae and less virulent Heterorhabditis downesi. Weevils avoided feeding on a substrate contaminated with S. carpocapsae but not H. downesi. Weevils also groomed more when their bodies were contaminated with S. carpocapsae than either H. downesi or water. We also made direct observations of nematodes on weevils. When equal numbers of nematodes were applied to weevils more S. carpocapsae than H. downesi moved actively on the weevil{\textquoteright}s cuticle. Thus, the differential response of weevils to the two nematode species can be explained by the weevils detecting the more aggressive behaviour of S. carpocapsae than H. downesi, which corresponds to a higher probability of death. [copyright] 2010 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0003-3472; 1095-8282},
	author = {Ennis, Darragh E. and Dillon, Aoife B. and Griffin, Christine T.}
}
@article {10825,
	title = {Cordeauxia edulis and Rhododendron tomentosum extracts disturb orientation and feeding behavior of Hylobius abietis and Phyllodecta laticollis},
	journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata},
	volume = {138},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {162-174},
	abstract = {The use of plant-based compounds to control insect pests is an alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides. We evaluated the repellent and antifeedant effects of Cordeauxia edulis Hemsley (Fabaceae) and Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja (Ericaceae) extracts against Hylobius abietis L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Phyllodecta laticollis Suffrian (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Repellent properties were evaluated by monitoring responses of adult insects toward the odor from extracts or extraction solvents (controls) in a Y-tube olfactometer, and choice or no-choice feeding tests were conducted by applying extracts or extraction solvents on stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae)) and European aspen (Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae)), host plants of H. abietis and P. laticollis, respectively. Extracts of R. tomentosum repelled adults of both insect species effectively. However, extracts of C. edulis did not repel H. abietis although its ethyl acetate extract showed repellence against the adults of P. laticollis. Feeding by H. abietis was significantly reduced by a methanol extract of C. edulis, and methanol and hexane extracts of R. tomentosum. Feeding by the adults and larvae of P. laticollis was significantly reduced by extracts from both plant species. Concomitant with less feeding, larval growth was retarded by ethyl acetate extracts of both plant species. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of the volatile components of the extracts showed that extracts from both plant species were mixtures of various terpene and non-terpene compounds, which showed quantitative and/or qualitative variations between plant species and extraction solvents. This experiment showed that extracts from both plant species effectively manipulated the orientation and/or feeding behavior of the two beetle species. Hence, they may be considered as potential alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0013-8703},
	author = {Egigu, Meseret C. and Ibrahim, Mohamed A. and Yahya, Asha and Holopainen, Jarmo K.}
}
@article {10702,
	title = {Evict of infect? Managing populations of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis, using a bottom-up and top-down approach},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {255},
	number = {7},
	year = {2008},
	month = {April 20},
	pages = {2634-2642},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hylobius abietis is the most important pest of replanted coniferous sites in Northern Europe, where feeding by adult weevils can result in up to 100\% mortality of seedlings. Field trials were conducted with the aim of reducing H. abietis populations developing in Sitka spruce stumps by increasing pressure from natural enemies (top-down pressure), and reducing the quality of stumps for development (bottom-up pressure). Top-down pressure was applied through inundative treatment of stumps with entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis downesi or Steinernema carpocapsae). Bottom-up pressure was applied by treating stumps with the wood colonising fungus Trichoderma koningii. Natural levels of parasitism of H. abietis by the parasitoid Bracon hylobii and the effect of applied agents on B. hylobii were also investigated. Heterorhabditis downesi parasitised more immature weevils than S. carpocapsae, and significantly reduced numbers of adults emerging from stumps compared to controls. Entomopathogenic nematodes did not significantly impact on populations of B. hylobii, and over three sites the effects of both agents were additive. Stumps modified by application of the fungus (bottom-up pressure) did not have fewer H. abietis developing in, or emerging from them; however, development of H. abietis was more advanced in these stumps, and the success of natural enemies was differentially affected. T. koningii facilitated B. hylobii while having the opposite effect on entomopathogenic nematodes, suggesting that it affected the outcome of competition between the nematodes and the parasitoid.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Dillon, Aoife B. and Moore, Colm P. and Downes, Martin J. and Griffin, Christine T.}
}
@article {10703,
	title = {Establishment, persistence, and introgression of entomopathogenic nematodes in a forest ecosystem},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {April},
	pages = {735-747},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are currently marketed worldwide for use in inundative biological control, where the applied natural enemy population ( rather than its offspring) is expected to reduce insect numbers. Unlike classical biological control, in inundative control natural enemy establishment is not crucial in order to achieve pest suppression. Field trials in Irish forestry provided the opportunity to test predictions regarding the establishment of two exotic (Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis megidis) and two indigenous ( Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis downesi) species. Nematodes were inundatively applied to pine stumps to control populations of pine weevil, Hylobius abietis, on three clearcut sites, and their persistence and spread monitored for up to five years. All species were recovered three years after application but only S. feltiae was recovered in years 4 and 5. Limited horizontal dispersal to 20 cm ( but not 100 cm) was observed, but the majority of nematodes were recovered close to the area of application. Steinernema feltiae was also recovered from nearby stumps to which it had not been applied, indicating possible phoretic dispersal by weevils or other stump-associated fauna. EPN were not recovered from stumps outside the treated area, suggesting that such dispersal is quite localized. Two strains of S. feltiae ( Irish and exotic) were applied. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis on 11 populations isolated from soil four years later showed that all had a much closer affinity to the applied Irish strain, suggesting persistence of this genotype and extinction of the exotic one. Some strains were clustered close together, and this is interpreted in the light of possible population genetic scenarios. The findings from the field study confirm predictions based on background knowledge of the species and demonstrate the importance of medium-term studies, as a 3-year study would have overestimated the risk of establishment of exotic species. Short-term persistence and spread of S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and H. downesi was also studied in pine forest mesocosms. Similar trends to field results, such as limited horizontal dispersal, even vertical distribution, and more abundant recovery of S. feltiae than of other species, point to the utility of mesocosm studies as a predictive tool.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {1051-0761},
	author = {Dillon, A. B. and Rolston, A. N. and Meade, C. V. and Downes, M. J. and Griffin, C. T.}
}
@article {10496,
	title = {Long-term evolutionary stability of bacterial endosymbiosis in Curculionoidea: additional evidence of symbiont replacement in the Dryophthoridae family},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	volume = {25},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	month = {May},
	pages = {859-868},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Bacterial intracellular symbiosis ( endosymbiosis) is well documented in the insect world where it is believed to play a crucial role in adaptation and evolution. However, although Coleopteran insects are of huge ecological and economical interest, endosymbiont molecular analysis is limited to the Dryophthoridae family. Here, we have analyzed the intracellular symbiotic bacteria in 2 Hylobius species belonging to the Molytinae subfamily ( Curculionoidea superfamily) that exhibit different features from the Dryophthoridae insects in terms of their ecology and geographical spanning. Fluorescence in situ hybridization has shown that both Hylobius species harbor rod- shaped pleiomorphic symbiotic bacteria in the oocyte and in the bacteria- bearing organ ( the bacteriome), with a shape and location similar to those of the Dryophthoridae bacteriome. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequences, using the heterogeneous model of DNA evolution, has placed the Hylobius spp. endosymbionts ( H- group) at the basal position of the ancestral Rclade of Dryophthoridae endosymbionts named Candidatus Nardonella but relatively distant from the S- clade of Sitophilus spp. endosymbionts. Endosymbionts from the H- group and the R- clade evolved more quickly compared with free- living enteric bacteria and endosymbionts from the S- and D- clades of Dryophthoridae. They are AT biased ( 58.3\% A + T), and they exhibit AT- rich insertions at the same position as previously described in the Candidatus Nardonella 16S rDNA sequence. Moreover, the host phylogenetic tree based on the mitochondrial COI gene was shown to be highly congruent with the H- group and the R- clade, the divergence of which was estimated to be around 125 MYA. These new molecular data show that endosymbiosis is old in Curculionids, going back at least to the common ancestor of Molytinae and Dryophthoridae, and is evolutionary stable, except in 2 Dryophthoridae clades, providing additional and independent supplementary evidence for endosymbiont replacement in these taxa.},
	keywords = {Dryophthoridae, Hylobius abietis, Hylobius transversovittatus},
	isbn = {0737-4038},
	author = {Conord, Cyrille and Despres, Laurence and Vallier, Agnes and Balmand, Severine and Miquel, Christian and Zundel, Stephanie and Lemperiere, Guy and Heddi, Abdelaziz}
}
@article {9427,
	title = {Structure-activity relationships of phenylpropanoids as antifeedants for the pine weevil Hylobius abietis},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {March},
	pages = {339-352},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Ethyl cinnamate has been isolated from the bark of Pinus contorta in the search for antifeedants for the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis. Based on this lead compound, a number of structurally related compounds were synthesized and tested. The usability of the Topliss scheme, a flow diagram previously used in numerous structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, was evaluated in an attempt to find the most potent antifeedants. The scheme was initially followed stepwise; subsequently, all compounds found in the scheme were compared. In total, 51 phenylpropanoids were tested and analyzed for SARs by using arguments from the field of medicinal chemistry (rational drug design). Individual Hansch parameters based on hydrophobicity, steric, and electronic properties were examined. The effects of position and numbers of substituents on the aromatic ring, the effects of conjugation in the molecules, and the effects of the properties of the parent alcohol part of the esters were also evaluated. It proved difficult to find strong SARs derived from single physicochemical descriptors, but our study led to numerous new, potent, phenylpropanoid antifeedants for the pine weevil. Among the most potent were methyl 3-phenylpropanoates monosubstituted with chloro, fluoro, or methyl groups and the 3,4-dichlorinated methyl 3-phenylpropanoate.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0098-0331},
	author = {Bohman, B. and Nordlander, G. and Nordenhem, H. and Sunnerheim, K. and Borg-Karlson, A. K. and Unelius, C. R.}
}
@article {9406,
	title = {Pine weevil feeding on Norway spruce bark has a stronger impact on needle VOC emissions than enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation},
	journal = {Environmental Pollution},
	volume = {157},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {January},
	pages = {174-180},
	abstract = {Plants can respond physiologically to damaging ultraviolet-B radiation by altering leaf chemistry, especially UV absorbing phenolic compounds. However, the effects on terpene emissions have received little attention. We conducted two field trials in plots with supplemented UV-B radiation and assessed the influence of feeding by pine weevils, Hylobius abietis L., on volatile emissions from 3-year old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies L. Karst.). We collected emissions from branch tips distal to the feeding weevils, and from whole branches including the damage sites. Weevil feeding clearly induced the emission of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, particularly linalool and (E)-ss-farnesene, from branch tips, and the sums of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes emitted by whole branches were substantially increased. We discovered little effect of UV-B radiation up to 30\% above the ambient level on volatile emissions from branch tips distal to damage sites, but there was a possible effect on bark emissions from damage sites.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0269-7491},
	author = {Blande, James D. and Turunen, Katariina and Holopainen, Jarmo K.}
}
@article {9398,
	title = {Cues for shelter use in a phytophagous insect},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {January},
	pages = {9-23},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Many insects spend a large proportion of their life inactive, often hiding in shelters. The presence of shelters may, therefore, influence where insects feed. This study examines stimuli affecting the use of shelters by adults of the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). This species is an economically important forest pest in Europe since the adults feed on the stem bark of newly planted conifer seedlings. When there are hiding or burrowing places present in close proximity to a seedling, pine weevils may hide there and repeatedly return to feed on the same seedling. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory arena with above-ground or below-ground shelters and in the presence or absence of wind. Pine weevils were highly attracted to shelters both above and below ground. Weevils in shelters were often observed assuming a characteristic {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}resting{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} posture. Experiments with opaque and transparent shelters showed that visual stimuli are used for orientation towards shelters and also increase the probability of an individual remaining in a shelter. The presence of wind increased the weevils{\textquoteright} propensity to use shelters both above and below ground. The present study indicates that shelters have a major influence on the behavior of the pine weevil and possible implications of the results are discussed.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0892-7553},
	author = {Bjorklund, Niklas}
}
@article {1783,
	title = {Long-term evolutionary stability of bacterial endosymbiosis in Curculionoidea: additional evidence of symbiont replacement in the Dryophthoridae family.},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {859-868},
	chapter = {859},
	abstract = {Bacterial intracellular symbiosis ( endosymbiosis) is well documented in the insect world where it is believed to play a crucial role in adaptation and evolution. However, although Coleopteran insects are of huge ecological and economical interest, endosymbiont molecular analysis is limited to the Dryophthoridae family. Here, we have analyzed the intracellular symbiotic bacteria in 2 Hylobius species belonging to the Molytinae subfamily ( Curculionoidea superfamily) that exhibit different features from the Dryophthoridae insects in terms of their ecology and geographical spanning. Fluorescence in situ hybridization has shown that both Hylobius species harbor rod- shaped pleiomorphic symbiotic bacteria in the oocyte and in the bacteria- bearing organ ( the bacteriome), with a shape and location similar to those of the Dryophthoridae bacteriome. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequences, using the heterogeneous model of DNA evolution, has placed the Hylobius spp. endosymbionts ( H- group) at the basal position of the ancestral Rclade of Dryophthoridae endosymbionts named Candidatus Nardonella but relatively distant from the S- clade of Sitophilus spp. endosymbionts. Endosymbionts from the H- group and the R- clade evolved more quickly compared with free- living enteric bacteria and endosymbionts from the S- and D- clades of Dryophthoridae. They are AT biased ( 58.3\% A + T), and they exhibit AT- rich insertions at the same position as previously described in the Candidatus Nardonella 16S rDNA sequence. Moreover, the host phylogenetic tree based on the mitochondrial COI gene was shown to be highly congruent with the H- group and the R- clade, the divergence of which was estimated to be around 125 MYA. These new molecular data show that endosymbiosis is old in Curculionids, going back at least to the common ancestor of Molytinae and Dryophthoridae, and is evolutionary stable, except in 2 Dryophthoridae clades, providing additional and independent supplementary evidence for endosymbiont replacement in these taxa.},
	keywords = {Dryophthoridae, Hylobius abietis, Hylobius transversovittatus},
	author = {Conord , C. and Despres, L. and Vallier, A. and Balmand, S. and Miquel, C. and Zundel, S. and Lemperiere, G. and Heddi, A.}
}
