@article {13211,
	title = {Cold hardiness of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Shanghai},
	journal = {Acta Entomologica Sinica},
	volume = {53},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {February 20},
	pages = {226-232},
	abstract = {The invasive red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), native to Southern Asia, is becoming a serious invasive pest of palms in China. In order to understand how well the RPW survives under cold temperature, with materials from fields in Shanghai we determined the supercooling points (SCPs) with supercooling point determinator and the degree of cold hardiness in environmental chamber at low temperatures, simulated field overwintering test in Shanghai, and analyzed the north limit for overwintering of RPW. The results indicated that SCPs of the RPW were significantly decreased as the developmental stages increased. Adults had the lowest SCPs, followed by 9th, 5th and 1st instar larvae and eggs in an increasing order. The viability of various developmental stages in the RPW was measured in 6, 24, 48 and 72 h, and the relationship between the survival rate and low temperature could be fitted with logistic model significantly or extremely significantly. Ltemp50(the temperature that results in 50\% mortality of the experimental population) was increased as time prolonged at all stages of the RPW. At 72 h after treatment, Ltemp50 values of eggs, 1st instar larvae, 5th instar larvae, 9th instar larvae and adults were 1. 61, -1.67, -2.39, -2.40 and -0.40[degree]C, respectively. This result showed that the larvae had the highest cold hardiness, followed by adults and eggs in order. The above data indicated that the correlation between the cold hardiness and SCPs was not uniformly positive. Thus, we speculated that either adult or larva could be possible stage of overwintering for the RPW. The field ovenvintering test also showed that survival rates of both larvae and adults were above 60\% in continuous two years ( 2007 and 2008), suggesting that the RPW could overwinter in the field in Shanghai. Based on the results obtained and distribution of the hosts of the RPW, we tentatively inferred that the northern limit for overwintering of the RPW is proximate to 35[degree]N or where the average low temperature in January is around 0[degree]C.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0454-6296},
	author = {Ju, Rui-Ting and Wang, Feng and Xiao, Yu-Yu and Li, Yue-Zhong and Du, Yu-zhou}
}
@article {11791,
	title = {Development of a bioacoustic sensor for the early detection of Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier)},
	journal = {Crop Protection},
	volume = {29},
	number = {7},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {671-676},
	abstract = {The Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) is one of the worst pests for palms, since it can completely destroy the plant. Its early detection is very difficult and when the action of the pest is discovered, normally it is too late for recovering the plant. Bioacoustic sensors provide a good alternative for early detection of this pest because larvae activity is audible while they excavate tunnels to feed. This work describes the different stages for the development of an original electronic device based on acoustic sensors for early detection of Red Palm Weevil larvae in the interior of palms. This device is based on characteristic frequencies possibly related to their feeding activity. The performed tests have demonstrated that is possible to detect two week old larvae activity studying the sound intensity around 2250 Hz in palms infested only with 5 individuals under controlled environmental conditions. The activity of other insects artificially situated in the interior of palms did not affect the response of the device, possibly because they produce different frequencies (in the range 5-7 kHz). Future work will be aimed at assessing the infestation levels. [copyright] 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0261-2194},
	author = {Gutierrez, Abelardo and Ruiz, Vicente and Molto, Enrique and Tapia, Gervasio and del Mar Tellez, Maria}
}
@article {11007,
	title = {Artificial diets for the rearing of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier},
	journal = {Redia},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {83-88},
	abstract = {Laboratory rearing of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (RPW) on natural or semi-artificial diets is a problem outside of the RPW{\textquoteright}s native countries because it may be difficult to find some dietary components and/or their preparation is too expensive or laborious. Therefore, we carried out studies on alternative ingredients to prepare more practical and economical feeding substrata for weevil rearing. The life cycle parameters of RPW were tested in the laboratory using the artificial diets of other authors but with the replacement of some components, i.e. a mixture of unidentified cereals with buckwheat alone (Diet 1) or molasses with polyfloral honey (Diet 2). Further tests were carried out on alternative diets, respectively composed of honey, dried coconut cake and oat (Diet3) or commercial apple mousse (Diet 4). Growth time, weight and mortality of R. ferrugineus larvae, and female fecundity were significantly different among Diet 1, Diet 2 and Diet 4, while the pupal period and mortality, adult female longevity and egg fertility did not differ. Diet 3 appeared unsuitable for R. ferrugineus larval survival. Diet 1 was most suitable for pre-imaginal development and female fecundity.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0370-4327},
	author = {Francardi, Valeria and Benvenuti, Claudia}
}
@article {10915,
	title = {Sequential sampling plan for area-wide management of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) in date palm plantations of Saudi Arabia},
	journal = {International Journal of Tropical Insect Science},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {145-153},
	abstract = {A decision-making sampling plan was developed to initiate new and validate ongoing area-wide red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in date palm plantations of Saudi Arabia based on the concept of sequential sampling. Spatial distribution studies revealed that R. ferrugineus population was aggregated and followed the negative binomial series with a mean aggregation index (common K) value of 3.56. In the sampling plan developed, young date palms are inspected in a sequence in units of 100 palms (1 ha) until an accurate decision on the infestation level can be made. The plan rates infestations as low and high if d0 <= 0.478n - 7.519 and d1 >= 0.478n + 7.519, respectively, where d0 and d1 are the cumulative maximum and minimum infested palms per ha (100 young palms) for not recommending and recommending area-wide management of R. ferrugineus, respectively, and n is the area sampled in ha. In this sampling plan, if 100 palms are inspected and eight or more infestations are detected, then area-wide R. ferrugineus IPM is required. On a 100 ha scale (10,000 palms) the plan becomes stricter and permits only 55 infestations.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1742-7584},
	author = {Faleiro, J. R. and Ben Abdallah, Abdallah and Kumar, J. Ashok and Shagagh, Abdallah and Al Abdan, Saad}
}
@article {10833,
	title = {Studies on the morphology and histology of the ovary of red palm weevil female irradiated with gamma rays},
	journal = {Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {9-16},
	abstract = {The present study involves red palm weevil adults Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) irradiated with 5, 10 or 15 Gy of gamma radiation. The biological effects of gamma irradiation on the F, adult females, descendant of irradiated parental male pupae, were studied. The percentage egg hatch decreased significantly, as the dose increased, compared with the untreated control. The effect of gamma irradiation on the morphology of the ovaries showed a remarkable effect on size, shape and measurement of the paired ovaries. Additionally, histological studies showed some damages by irradiation of the oocytes maturation, which increased with increasing close. These symptoms were elongation of the terminal filament, rupture, separation, or shrinkage of external sheath and follicular epithelium, degenerated or absent of nurse cells, and ruptured oocytes at 15 Gy. Vacuolation appeared in different degrees inside the oocytes and the nurse cells were absent in some areas. The damage in the oocytes was more severe as the dose was increased. The follicular epithelium was thin, oocytes clumped together throughout the ovariole causing some oocytes become abnormal or rectangular in shape. [copyright] Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society, 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1226-8615},
	author = {El Naggar, Samira E. M. and Mohamed, Hussein F. and Mahmoud, Eman A.}
}
@article {8985,
	title = {Effect of color on the trapping effectiveness of red palm weevil pheromone traps},
	journal = {Journal of Entomology},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {54-59},
	abstract = {The Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Curculionidae: Coleoptera), is the most serious and difficult to control insect pest on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in the United Arab Emirates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of trap color on trap effectiveness in catching R. ferrugineus. Traps baited with the male aggregation pheromone of the red palm weevil were installed in four date palm farms in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, in 2007. Seven trap colors were tested for attraction to the red palm weevil (red, green, blue, orange, pink, yellow and white). The highest weevil catch was achieved in the red trap (p<0.05). Present results indicate that trap color has a significant effect on trap effectiveness, which suggests that dark-colored traps in general and the red in particular, catch more weevils. Therefore, the use of red traps will be more effective in the control programs of this economic pest.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1812-5670; 1812-5689},
	author = {Al-Saoud, A. H. and Al-Deeb, M. A. and Murchie, A. K.}
}
@article {8894,
	title = {Isolation of yeasts from palm tissues damaged by the red palm weevil and their possible effect on the weevil overwintering},
	journal = {Mycoscience},
	volume = {51},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {May},
	pages = {215-223},
	abstract = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a tropical pest of palms that has recently invaded Japan, where winter temperatures fall below 0[degree]C. Because activities of the weevil at temperatures <13[degree]C are extremely limited, it appears difficult for them to overwinter in Japan. However, the temperature of palm tissues damaged by this weevil has been observed to be higher than air temperature. Here, we looked for the cause of this temperature increase. First, we measured the temperature of damaged palm tissues and showed it to be between 30[degree]C and 40[degree]C, even in winter. Next, we isolated yeasts from the body of weevils and infested palm tissues and obtained 36 yeast strains, mostly Candida tropicalis and C. ethanolica. Then, we analyzed the soluble sugar composition in palm tissues and found that it included glucose, sucrose, and fructose. Because at least C. tropicalis can ferment some of these sugars, the temperature increase may be attributed to fermentation of microbes, including yeasts.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1340-3540},
	author = {Abe, Fukiko and Ohkusu, Misako and Kubo, Tatsuya and Kawamoto, Susumu and Sone, Koichi and Hata, Kunihiko}
}
@article {8890,
	title = {Detection of insect immunity substances (lectins) in the midgut extracts from larvae and adult red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) in AI-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia},
	journal = {Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {1st March},
	pages = {223-228},
	abstract = {The hemagglutination activities of midgut (MG) fractions of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus against mammalian erythrocytes (RBC) from man (ABO), rabbit, horse and sheep were studied. The highest titers were seen with rabbit RBC (p<0.05) followed by human group B, human group 0, horse, human group A, human group AB and sheep, respectively. Insect age and nutritional status significantly influenced the agglutinating activities. Some of the unfed insects were having low activities (p>0.01) than the well fed insects (p<0.05). The agglutination activities were linearly correlated with the insect age. The agglutination activities were higher in old insects than the young insects (p<0.05). Further studies are needed to investigate the lectins in the hemolymph of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus beside demonstrating their agglutination activities against the natural entomopathogenes organisms of this economically important insect for use in its biological control.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1028-8880},
	author = {Abdally, M. H. and Abo-Elsaad, M. M. and Al-Shaggag, A. A. and Al-Bagshy, M. M. and Al-Shawaf, A. A.}
}
