@article {5234,
	title = {Using genetic analyses to infer mountain pine beetle population structure and dispersal patterns in British Columbia and Alberta},
	journal = {British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Winter},
	pages = {140-142},
	abstract = {The mountain pine beetle (mpb) is an eruptive insect that is currently causing an outbreak of record size in western Canada. The longstanding lack of long-distance mpb dispersal data has limited our understanding and management of mpb outbreaks. Our goal was to characterize the genetic structure of western Canadian mpb populations, from which dispersal patterns may be inferred. We analyzed 35 mpb stands in British Columbia and Alberta at six microsatellite loci. The mpb exhibited strong and significant population structure. This structure was partitioned into a Northern and Southern group. The genetic structure and observed patterns of diversity are consistent with the notion of post-glacial recolonization and climate-driven differences in mpb population dynamics. Using our genetic data, we inferred the historical movement patterns of the mpb in western Canada. We found no evidence that the infestation spread from an epicentre in Tweedsmuir Provincial Park. Our data support multiple sources for the current outbreak. Management recommendations are included.},
	isbn = {1488-4666},
	url = {http://www.forrex.org/jem/default.asp},
	author = {Bartell, Nicholas V. and B.S. Lindgren and Cooke, Janice and Davis, Corey and Mock, Karen and Murray, Brent W.}
}
@article {5235,
	title = {Effects of fire return rates on traversability of lodgepole pine forests for mountain pine beetle: implications for sustainable forest management},
	journal = {British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Fall},
	pages = {115-122},
	abstract = {The spread of mountain pine beetle (MPB) depends on climate, weather, and topography, among other factors. In predicting the spread of the MPB in British Columbia, foresters should speciically consider the susceptibility and traversability of lodgepole pine forests to MPB. In order for beetle infestations to spread through the forests at endemic or incipient beetle population levels, patches of susceptible forest must exist, and these patches must be close enough together that beetles can disperse from one to another. his study determined stand susceptibility by examining simulated efects of ire return rates on the equilibrium age structure of a 1 million ha lodgepole pine forest, and then using the results to generate mosaics of susceptibilities to MPB attack. At the landscape level, "traversability" describes the condition of a forest that allows an incipient beetle population to disperse across it according to deined rules of susceptibility and maximum distance for dispersal through unsuitable habitat. We found that: (1) long ire cycles and ire suppression yielded an age structure that is highly susceptible to beetle attack; and (2) harvesting reduced the mean susceptibility to MPB attack as well as traversability. A combination of early harvesting and moderate ire suppression would theoretically yield an equilibrium forest structure that minimizes both susceptibility and traversability for MPB.},
	isbn = {1488-4666; 1488-4674},
	url = {http://www.forrex.org/jem/default.asp},
	author = {Barclay, Hugh J. and Schivatcheva, Tina and Li, Chao and Benson, Laura}
}
@article {5236,
	title = {Mountain pine beetle and northern caribou: the Itcha-Ilgachuz experience},
	journal = {British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Winter},
	pages = {102-105},
	abstract = {The purpose of the Itcha-Ilgachuz Research Project is to develop and test silvicultural systems that maintain caribou habitat, including terrestrial and arboreal forage lichens, while extracting timber. To develop a viable silvicultural system we are also researching regeneration (planted and natural), breeding birds, microclimate, long-term site productivity, treefall, and growth and yield. We are also addressing the implications of high tree mortality, caused by mountain pine beetle (mpb), to caribou and other values. The current attack on the Chilcotin Plateau is causing much higher stand mortality than that experienced in the 1980s and a larger proportion of the landscape is affected. Irregular group shelterwood and group selection have been tested for over 10 years and results indicate these are viable silvicultural systems. With the arrival of mpb they remain a key part of the management approach. These systems have the potential to maintain habitat because: (1) the stand, even with mostly dead trees, still provides partial shade for lichens for about 20 years; (2) this gives regeneration a chance to grow for 20 years to provide future partial shade for lichens; (3) mobility is not an issue with 50\% of the trees harvested; and (4) the standing dead trees provide a source of arboreal lichen fragments for the regenerating openings. Ongoing measurements will determine whether these initial indications are correct.},
	isbn = {1488-4666},
	url = {http://www.forrex.org/jem/default.asp},
	author = {Armleder, Harold and Waterhouse, Michaela}
}
@article {5230,
	title = {Mountain pine beetle, wildlife habitat, and biodiversity: lessons learned and future challenges},
	journal = {British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Winter},
	pages = {24-32},
	abstract = {Although the current mountain pine beetle (mpb) outbreak is unusually widespread and severe, large, episodic insect events have likely been a natural recurring phenomenon in the pine-dominated landscapes of British Columbia. Thus, wildlife species and ecosystems should be relatively well adapted to recover following these types of disturbances. However, the effects of salvage harvesting on wildlife and biodiversity raises concerns as it removes or alters post-disturbance structural legacies and thus affects the severity and duration of impacts and the timing of recovery. From this experience, two key lessons have emerged: (1) mpb-infested forests continue to provide wildlife habitat and the role of non-salvaged forests should be considered in achieving wildlife and biodiversity conservation objectives in the future; (2) Comprehensive landscape-level planning can help to mitigate the spatial and temporal effects of salvage harvesting and to balance wildlife and biodiversity with social and economic objectives. With the ongoing modification of forested landscapes through human activities and natural disturbances, and the uncertain future effects of climate change, lessons will be critical to ensure future wildlife habitat and biodiversity conservation.},
	isbn = {1488-4666},
	url = {http://www.forrex.org/jem/default.asp},
	author = {Lewis, Doug}
}
@article {5231,
	title = {Effects of the mountain pine beetle on fuels and fire behaviour},
	journal = {British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Winter},
	pages = {77-83},
	abstract = {Tree mortality induced by the mountain pine beetle (mpb) results in important changes to fuel characteristics, fire environment, and subsequent fire behaviour. The Fuel Loading and Fire Behaviour Concurrent Session formed part of the Mountain Pine Beetle: From Lessons Learned to Communitybased Solutions conference, held June 10[long dash] 11, 2008, at the University of Northern British Columbia. This session examined our knowledge of the immediate and long-term effects of mpb on fuel characteristics, fire environment, and behaviour; the changes in annual burn rate following past mpb outbreaks; experimental burning projects; the use of fuelbreaks in stands affected by mpb; the B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range{\textquoteright}s fuel management program; and impacts of mpb on First Nations.},
	isbn = {1488-4666},
	url = {http://www.forrex.org/jem/default.asp},
	author = {Hawkes, Brad}
}
@article {5232,
	title = {The mountain pine beetle as an agent of forest disturbance},
	journal = {British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Winter},
	pages = {9-13},
	abstract = {Outbreaks of mountain pine beetle are evaluated as a generic disturbance agent, and comparisons are made with other forest disturbances such as wildfire, windthrow, and logging. A useful basis for comparison is the degree of disruption to the overstorey, understorey, and forest floor layers. Clear differences are observed in the impacts of bark beetles, fire, and windthrow, but there is overlap with various harvesting systems. Insects are selective in terms of the species or size of tree that is killed; this selectivity varies with stand composition, stand structure, and outbreak stage. The mountain pine beetle functions as part of larger natural disturbance regimes in western North America, which vary with climate and forest type. Outbreaks of many different insects occur throughout western Canada, with the relative role of fire and insects differing among ecoregions and over time. Beetle-killed stands may facilitate extreme fire behaviour and may be more susceptible to future burning. Large expanses of dead or removed trees also result in altered soil water balance and stream flows, disposing some sites to mass movement or flooding. All disturbances generate heterogeneity, with much of the value to biodiversity and ecosystem recovery depending on residual structure and biological legacies. The capacity for unassisted recovery and the value of each stand to timber supply, carbon balance, and habitat needs in a landscape context are relevant when considering salvage logging or forest rehabilitation. The future role of forest pests is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in climate and the altered composition and structure of western forests.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {1488-4666},
	url = {http://www.forrex.org/jem/default.asp},
	author = {Burton, Philip J.}
}
@article {5229,
	title = {British Columbia{\textquoteright}s Northern Interior forests: Warren root collar weevil stand establishment decision aid},
	journal = {British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Fall},
	pages = {105-107},
	isbn = {1488-4666; 1488-4674},
	url = {http://www.forrex.org/jem/default.asp},
	author = {McCulloch, Larry and Aukema, Brian and White, Ken and Klingenberg, Matthew}
}
@article {5228,
	title = {Mountain pine beetle: from lessons learned to community-based solutions},
	journal = {British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Winter},
	pages = {i-vii, 1-184},
	isbn = {1488-4666},
	url = {http://www.forrex.org/jem/default.asp},
	author = {Wiensczyk, Alan Taylor and Schooling, Julie}
}
