@article {15273,
	title = {Exploring associations between international trade and environmental factors with establishment patterns of exotic Scolytinae},
	journal = {Biological Invasions},
	volume = {13},
	number = {10},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {2275-2288},
	abstract = {Although invasion of exotic ambrosia beetles (fungus feeders) and bark beetles (phloem feeders) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is considered a major threat to forest health worldwide, no studies have quantitatively investigated the anthropogenic and environmental factors shaping the biogeographical patterns of invasion by these insects across large spatial scales. The primary aim of this study was to assess the relative importance of international trade and several environmental variables of the recipient region on species richness of established exotic Scolytinae. As a reference, we also evaluated the relationships between the same environmental variables and species richness of native Scolytinae. Using an information-theoretic framework for model selection and hierarchical partitioning, we evaluated the relative importance of the potential drivers of species richness of native and exotic Scolytinae in 20 European countries and the 48 contiguous continental US states. Analyses were conducted separately for ambrosia and bark beetle species. Value of imports was a strong predictor of the number of exotic Scolytinae species in both regions. In addition, in the USA, warmer and wetter climate was positively linked to increased numbers of both native and exotic ambrosia beetles. Forest heterogeneity and climatic heterogeneity and secondarily forest area were key drivers in explaining patterns of species richness for native bark beetles but not for exotic species in both regions. Our findings suggest that if current infestation levels continue on imported plants and wood packaging material, increasing international trade will likely lead to more establishments of exotic Scolytinae with concomitant negative effects on forest health in both Europe and the USA. Compared to Europe the risk of invasion appears higher in the USA, especially for ambrosia beetles in the southeastern USA where the climate appears highly suitable for exotic establishment.},
	keywords = {Scolytinae},
	isbn = {1387-3547},
	author = {Marini, Lorenzo and Haack, Robert A. and Rabaglia, Robert J. and Toffolo, Edoardo Petrucco and Battisti, Andrea and Faccoli, Massimo}
}
@article {14597,
	title = {Exploring associations between international trade and environmental factors with establishment patterns of exotic Scolytinae},
	journal = {Biological Invasions},
	volume = {13},
	number = {10},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {2275-2288},
	abstract = {Although invasion of exotic ambrosia beetles (fungus feeders) and bark beetles (phloem feeders) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is considered a major threat to forest health worldwide, no studies have quantitatively investigated the anthropogenic and environmental factors shaping the biogeographical patterns of invasion by these insects across large spatial scales. The primary aim of this study was to assess the relative importance of international trade and several environmental variables of the recipient region on species richness of established exotic Scolytinae. As a reference, we also evaluated the relationships between the same environmental variables and species richness of native Scolytinae. Using an information-theoretic framework for model selection and hierarchical partitioning, we evaluated the relative importance of the potential drivers of species richness of native and exotic Scolytinae in 20 European countries and the 48 contiguous continental US states. Analyses were conducted separately for ambrosia and bark beetle species. Value of imports was a strong predictor of the number of exotic Scolytinae species in both regions. In addition, in the USA, warmer and wetter climate was positively linked to increased numbers of both native and exotic ambrosia beetles. Forest heterogeneity and climatic heterogeneity and secondarily forest area were key drivers in explaining patterns of species richness for native bark beetles but not for exotic species in both regions. Our findings suggest that if current infestation levels continue on imported plants and wood packaging material, increasing international trade will likely lead to more establishments of exotic Scolytinae with concomitant negative effects on forest health in both Europe and the USA. Compared to Europe the risk of invasion appears higher in the USA, especially for ambrosia beetles in the southeastern USA where the climate appears highly suitable for exotic establishment.},
	keywords = {Scolytinae},
	isbn = {1387-3547},
	author = {Marini, Lorenzo and Haack, Robert A. and Rabaglia, Robert J. and Toffolo, Edoardo Petrucco and Battisti, Andrea and Faccoli, Massimo}
}
@article {10907,
	title = {Effect of weather on Ips typographus (Coleoptera Curculionidae) phenology, voltinism, and associated spruce mortality in the southeastern Alps},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {38},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {April},
	pages = {307-316},
	abstract = {Summer drought associated with high temperatures recorded in the last few years has given rise to outbreaks of bark beetles developing in weakened host trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible weather effect on the biology of and damage caused by Ips typographus L. in the southeastern Alps. The study was carried out recording temperature (1962-2007), precipitation (1922-2007), and the damage caused by L typographus (1993-2007). In addition, data from pheromone-baited traps (1996-2005) provided information on the main periods of flight activity of I. typographus. From 1922 to 2007, precipitation during March-July has decreased [approximately equal]200 mm (-22\%), whereas since 1962-2007, mean temperatures during March-July increased [approximately equal]2[degree]C (+13\%). Damage caused by I. typographus was inversely correlated with March-July precipitation from the previous year but not correlated with temperature. Increases in spring temperature did not affect the development timing of the first generation, but only changed its onset. Earlier swarming of both over-wintering beetles and first-generation offspring ([approximately equal]20 d sooner over 10 yr), and the early start of the second generation permitted more complete development of the second brood. Voltinism in this species is discussed in relation to thermal and photoperiodic thresholds, indicating that the occurrence of a third generation is limited by the summer photoperiod rather than by temperature. In conclusion, results suggest that spring drought increases damage caused by L typographus in the following year, whereas warmer spring affects insect phenology.},
	keywords = {Ips typographus},
	isbn = {0046-225X},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo}
}
@article {10908,
	title = {Responses of the Mediterranean pine shoot beetle Tomicus destruens (Wollaston) to pine shoot and bark volatiles},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {9},
	year = {2008},
	month = {September},
	pages = {1162-1169},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The pine shoot beetle Tomicus destruens has two dispersal phases per generation. In the first, mature adults move toward trunks of dying pines to lay eggs; in the second, callow adults move toward the shoots of healthy pines for maturation feeding. However, there is no information on the chemical stimuli that govern host selection by T. destruens adults. The aims of this study were: (1) to identify the volatiles released by shoots and bark of stone pine that are behaviorally and electrophysiologically active on T. destruens; (2) to verify which blends and concentrations of such volatiles are differently active on males and females, as well as on callow and mature adults, during the two host search phases (breeding and feeding). A four-arm olfactometer was used to test the behavior of walking T. destruens adults toward various sources of volatiles including fresh shoots and bark, their collected volatiles, and two synthetic blends. For each odor, the behavior of both callow and mature males and females was recorded individually. Shoot and bark extracts were analyzed by coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and tested by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennography (GC-EAD) on T. destruens males and females. Two blends of two ([alpha]-pinene and [beta]-myrcene; blend A) and three ([alpha]-pinene, [beta]- myrcene, and [alpha]-terpinolene; blend B) synthetic compounds, chosen among those that induce EAD responses and known to be attractive for other bark beetle species, were tested in the olfactometer at five concentrations. Insect behavior was affected by the degree of sexual maturation but not by sex. Callow insects were attracted by shoots and their extracts, while mature individuals by bark and its extracts. Six extracted compounds were active on T. destruens antennae: limonene, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and [beta]-caryophyllene, [alpha]-pinene, [beta]-myrcene, and [alpha]-terpinolene. [alpha]-Terpinolene, released only by bark, was active only on mature insects, whereas (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, released only by shoots, was active only on callows. Males and females showed similar EAD responses. Of the six extracted volatiles, two were attractive for callow adults (blend A) and three for matures (blend B). In both cases, responses were positively correlated with blend concentration, although a repellent effect was noted at the highest concentrations.},
	keywords = {Tomicus destruens},
	isbn = {0098-0331},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo and Anfora, Gianfranco and Tasin, Marco}
}
@article {10909,
	title = {Breeding performance of the second generation in some bivoltine populations of Ips typographus (Coleoptera Curculionidae) in the south-eastern Alps},
	journal = {Journal of Pest Science},
	volume = {84},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {March},
	pages = {15-23},
	abstract = {The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, is one of the most extensively studied European forest pests. Gaps exist in the knowledge about second generation breeding performance in bivoltine populations. In this study, the breeding performance of the second generation was evaluated in three bivoltine populations of I. typographus in the SE Alps. Length of the maternal galleries (from 40.5 to 44.8 mm), population growth rate (PGR; from 0.7 to 3.6), and emerged adults per m2 (from 669 to 1,570 insects/m2) varied among populations and were negatively correlated with bark colonisation density. Pheromone traps set up in the three investigated forests differed in the number of trapped beetles, with mean captures ranging between 5,310 and 19,850 insects per trap. The populations giving the highest captures in the traps showed the lowest bark colonisation density (248 vs. 489 maternal galleries per m2) and the best breeding performance. The populations of parasitoids and predators corresponded to just 1[long dash]9 and 2[long dash]10\% of the emerging I. typographus adults, respectively, and phloem temperature never reached thresholds lethal to I. typographus. Interspecific competition was negligible, whereas intraspecific competition was found to be the main factor affecting the breeding performance of the second generation, although with different intensity according to the colonisation density. It is hypothesised that competition with the first generation and spring precipitation influence the number of suitable hosts available to the second generation.},
	keywords = {Ips typographus},
	isbn = {1612-4758},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo and Bernardinelli, Iris}
}
@article {10910,
	title = {First record of Ambrosiodmus (Hopkins, 1915) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Europe},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {2303},
	year = {2009},
	month = {3 Dec},
	pages = {57-60},
	isbn = {1175-5326},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo and Frigimelica, Gabriella and Mori, Nicola and Toffolo, Edoardo Petrucco and Vettorazzo, Marco and Simonato, Mauro}
}
@article {10911,
	title = {Conifer phenolic resistance markers are bark beetle antifeedant semiochemicals},
	journal = {Agricultural and Forest Entomology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {August},
	pages = {237-245},
	abstract = {Phenols are important in conifer resistance to fungi associated with bark beetles and as markers for resistance to beetle mass-attacks. However, the mechanism of phenolic activity in conifer resistance to Ips typographus bark beetle remains unclear. By a new bioassay, we tested the effect on host acceptance and tunnelling of male and female L typographus in an artificial gallery (13 mm long) for 4 h (no-choice test). To the artificial diet, an aliquot of host (catechin, taxifolin, or resveratrol) or nonhost (E-conophthorin) compounds was added, singly tested at doses close to those of tree bark. Host acceptance and tunnelling was measured by the amount of diet removed by the insects. All tested chemicals decreased the tunnelling activity of L typographus, with an antifeedant effect stronger in males and increasing with dose. No mortality was recorded. The nonhost volatile spiroketal, E-conophthorin, had the highest antifeedant activity both in males and females. Among host compounds, effects and dose-response were weak in females. Both catechin and E-conophthorin gave a 50\% reduction of tunnelling at a concentration of 0.1\% for males, the pioneering (host selecting) sex in Ips. The threshold of activity for host compounds to males was at concentrations of 0.03-0.1\%, which corresponds to, or is less than, the concentrations reported from spruce host bark. The results allow us to support the hypothesis of a direct behavioural antifeedant mechanism for resistance from those phenols that are particularly active for the pioneering males during tree attack},
	keywords = {Ips typographus},
	isbn = {1461-9555},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo and Schlyter, Fredrik}
}
@article {10905,
	title = {Breeding performance and longevity of Tomicus destruens on Mediterranean and continental pine species},
	journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata},
	volume = {123},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {June},
	pages = {263-269},
	abstract = {The pine shoot beetle Tomicus destruens (Wollaston) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is one of the main pests of Mediterranean forests, where it is oligophagous on Mediterranean pines. However, possible global warming may make the insect move to higher latitudes and altitudes, allowing it to attack new pine species. In this respect, the aim of the present article was to assess both the acceptance and performance of T destruens offered host and non-host pine species. A no-choice breeding experiment was set up under laboratory conditions, using logs of three Mediterranean (Pinus pinea L., Pinus pinaster Miller, and Pinus halepensis Aiton) and two continental (Pinus nigra Arnold and Pinus sylvcstris L.) pine species. Log debarking at the end of adult emergence assessed parent fecundity egg, and larval mortality. The quality of callow adults emerging from each tested pine was evaluated on the basis of their longevity on a semiartificial diet. Tomicus destruens colonised all tested pine species, but did not reproduce in Scots pine, taking about 79 days to complete development with no differences among pines tested. The best breeding performance, evaluated as female fecundity and adult production, was observed in R halepensis, and the lowest in P. pinaster. On average, adults emerging from P. pinea survived longer (83 days) than from other pines, and adult longevity was the lowest in males emerging from R nigra. Austrian pine, which under natural conditions is usually not a host of T. destruens, allowed insect development and adult production similar to P. pinea and P. pinaster.},
	keywords = {Tomicus destruens},
	isbn = {0013-8703},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo}
}
@article {5622,
	title = {14.21 - Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894) (=Xyleborus germanus) - black stem borer (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)},
	journal = {BioRisk},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {902-904},
	url = {http://pensoftonline.net/biorisk/index.php/journal/issue/view/4},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo}
}
@article {5623,
	title = {14.18 - Gnathotrichus materiarius (Fitch, 1858) - American utilizable wood bark beetle (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)},
	journal = {BioRisk},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {896-897},
	url = {http://pensoftonline.net/biorisk/index.php/journal/issue/view/4},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo}
}
@article {5624,
	title = {14.17 - Megaplatypus mutatus (Chapuis, 1865) - the grand forest borer (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Platypodinae)},
	journal = {BioRisk},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {894-895},
	url = {http://pensoftonline.net/biorisk/index.php/journal/issue/view/4},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo}
}
@article {5625,
	title = {14.20 - Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky, 1866) - granulate ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)},
	journal = {BioRisk},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {900-901},
	url = {http://pensoftonline.net/biorisk/index.php/journal/issue/view/4},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo}
}
@article {5567,
	title = {Bark beetles and pinhole borers (Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Platypodinae) alien to Europe},
	journal = {Zookeys},
	volume = {56},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {227-251},
	abstract = {Invasive bark beetles are posing a major threat to forest resources around the world. DAISIE{\textquoteright}s web-based and printed databases of invasive species in Europe provide an incomplete and misleading picture of the alien scolytines and platypodines. We present a review of the alien bark beetle fauna of Europe based on primary literature through 2009. We find that there are 18 Scolytinae and one Platypodinae species apparently established in Europe, from 14 different genera. Seventeen species are naturalized. We argue that Trypodendron laeve, commonly considered alien in Europe, is a native species; conversely, we hypothesize that Xyleborus pfeilii, which has always been treated as indigenous, is an alien species from Asia. We also point out the possibility that the Asian larch bark beetle Ips subelongatus is established in European Russia. We show that there has been a marked acceleration in the rate of new introductions to Europe, as is also happening in North America: seven alien species were first recorded in the last decade. We present information on the biology, origins, and distributions of the alien species. All but four are polyphagous, and 11 are inbreeders: two traits which increase invasiveness. Eleven species are native to Asia, six to the Americas, and one is from the Canary Islands. Th e Mediterranean is especially favorable for invasives, hosting a large proportion of the aliens (9/19). Italy, France and Spain have the largest numbers of alien species (14, 10 and 7, respectively). We point out that the low numbers for at least some countries is likely due to under-reporting. Finally, we discuss the difficulties associated with identifying newly invasive species. Lack of good illustrations and keys hinder identification, particularly for species coming from Asia and Oceania.},
	keywords = {Platypodinae, Scolytinae},
	url = {http://pensoftonline.net/zookeys/index.php/journal/issue/view/58},
	author = {Kirkendall, Lawrence R. and Faccoli, Massimo}
}
@article {5135,
	title = {First record of Xyleborus atratus Eichhoff from Europe, with an illustrated key to the European Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {1772},
	year = {2008},
	month = {19 May},
	pages = {55-62},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Xyleborus atratus Eichhoff, an ambrosia beetle of Asian origin, is reported for the first time from Europe, based on a series of females collected in northern Italy in April 2007 and 2008 in funnel traps baited with ethanol. A diagnosis of the species and a revised key to the genera and species of Xyleborini occurring in Europe is presented. An explanation is suggested for the large number of recent introductions of exotic ambrosia beetles into Europe.},
	keywords = {Xyleborini, Xyleborinus, Xyleborus, Xyleborus atratus, Xylosandrus},
	isbn = {1175-5326},
	url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo}
}
@article {5097,
	title = {Description of the Yunnan shoot borer, Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall \& Faccoli sp. n. (Curculionidae, Scolytinae), an unusually aggressive pine shoot beetle from southern China, with a key to the species of Tomicus},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {1819},
	year = {2008},
	month = {9 July},
	pages = {25-39},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We describe a new and highly aggressive species of pine shoot beetle, Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall \& Faccoli, which has been decimating Pinus yunnanensis forests in southwest China for almost three decades. This species was confused with T. piniperda until recent molecular studies showed the SW China populations to be quite divergent from T. piniperda of northeast China and Europe. The clearest morphological differences between these two species lie in the surface sculpture of the elytra: the new species has more widely spaced interstrial granules on the elytral disc, the punctures of interstria 2 on the declivity arranged irregularly and those of striae 1 and 3 smaller. The new species also has dense small hairs on the tip of the antennal club, while T. piniperda has only scattered small hairs on that segment. Mature T. piniperda specimens are uniformly black, while those of T. yunnanensis have the bulk of the elytra lighter than the base of the elytra and the pronotum. The new species is actually more similar to the Mediterranean species T. destruens, which differs in geographical distribution and in having the punctures of interstria 2 dense on the declivity and light-colored antennae. Species of Tomicus are of general concern to foresters because of their impact on conifer growth, but good illustrations for many species are lacking. We here provide a detailed key to all seven species of the genus (T. minor, T. piniperda, T. destruens, T. brevipilosus, T. yunnanensis and the virtually unknown T. puellus and T. pilifer) as well as diagnostic photographs and drawings. We summarize the biological differences between the new species and T. piniperda and recommend improved communication between taxonomists and forest entomologists, as avoidable taxonomic confusion such as that of T. yunnanensis and T. destruens with T. piniperda hinders the combatting of outbreaks of forest insects.},
	keywords = {Tomicus, Tomicus yunnanensis},
	isbn = {1175-5326},
	url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa},
	author = {Kirkendall, Lawrence R. and Faccoli, Massimo and Hui, Ye}
}
@article {4933,
	title = {First record of Cyrtogenius Strohmeyer in Europe, with a key to the European genera of the tribe Dryocoetini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {3423},
	year = {2012},
	month = {15 Aug},
	pages = {27-35},
	abstract = {The genus Cyrtogenius Strohmeyer, represented by the species C. luteus (Blandford, 1894), is reported for the first time in Europe. Many adults were collected for four consecutive years (2009[long dash]2012) in various localities of northern Italy in both multifunnel and cross-vane traps baited with multilure blends. A diagnosis of the species and a revised key to the European genera of tribe Dryocoetini Lindemann is also reported. An explanation is suggested for the increasing number of recent introductions of exotic scolytids into Europe.},
	keywords = {Cyrtogenius},
	isbn = {1175-5326; 1175-5334},
	url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2012/3423.html},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo and Simonato, Mauro and Toffolo, Edoardo Petrucco}
}
@article {4884,
	title = {Large outbreaks of Ips acuminatus in Scots pine stands of the Italian Alps},
	journal = {Forest@},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {259-267},
	abstract = {In the last years, many Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands have been severely attacked by the bark beetle Ips acuminatus (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae). In the outbreak area of San Vito di Cadore (Eastern Dolomites), the number of attacked trees since 2005 and both the emergence of bark beetles and natural enemies have been assessed. The investigated forests showed dozens of easily recognizable infestation spots with size ranging from about 20-30 trees (small spots) up to 300 trees (large spots). These infested spots evolved quickly, while new ones appeared within a radius of few hundreds of meters. During the last 5 years (2006-2010) we sampled branches from small and large spots and lodged them into emergence cages: adults of I. acuminatus as well as natural enemies were collected weekly, identified and counted. At the same time, a monitoring program of the surveyed pine stands was carried out to check the enlargement of old spots and the appearance of new ones. Voltinism and phenology of I. acuminatus were investigated by pheromone traps baited with different lures (Austrian vs. Spanish lures). The effects of a sanitation felling of about 4500 infested trees, carried out by the Regional Forest Service in autumn 2007 on I. acuminatus population were also assessed. Throughout the whole sampling area I. acuminatus resulted bivoltine, with the highest density attained during the first generation. However, a part of the population still evidenced a monovoltine behaviour. The realized sanitation felling strongly reduced both breeding sites and the number of infested trees observed during the following year. Moreover the pheromone-baited traps gave useful information about changes in bark beetle population density; the trapping efficiency of Spanish lure resulted clearly higher than the Austrian one. Finally, the recorded parasitism may have a role in outbreak dynamics as it was significantly higher during the second host generation, in both small and large spots.},
	keywords = {Ips acuminatus},
	url = {http://www.sisef.it/forest@/?action=last\&n=17},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo and Colombari, F. and Dal Pont, C. and Finozzi, V. and D{\textquoteright}Ambros, E. and Battisti, A.}
}
