@article {13075,
	title = {Where to sample? Ecological implications of sampling strata in determining abundance and impact of natural enemies of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {49},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {June},
	pages = {245-253},
	abstract = {Several parasitoids of African origin have been introduced to coffee producing areas of the Americas and Asia as biological control agents of the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). These parasitoids have become established in the field but their effect on the CBB has been limited. A two-year field study in Western Kenya has found Prorops nasuta (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) to be the predominant parasitoid emerging from CBB-infested coffee berries collected on coffee trees or from the ground. P. nasuta comprises more than 75\% of the total natural enemies collected. The density of A nasuta was 90\% higher in the berries collected from the ground than from the trees. Its hyperparasitoid, Aphanogmus sp. (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae), also emerged from both type of berries. Across the two seasons, the average A nasuta density per berry was 18-35 times higher than that of Aphanogmus sp. Throughout the two years sampled, significantly higher numbers of P. nasuta and Aphanogmus sp. occurred between February and March, which coincides with the beginning of the rainy season. Higher numbers of live CBB females were recorded in berries collected from the trees. Nevertheless, mortality of adult CBB was considerably higher from January to March and started to decrease from April onwards. The possibly negative effects of cultural control practices in Latin America which include the removal of berries fallen to the ground on biological control of CBB are discussed, and the use of screened collection devices for these berries which would permit the release of parasitoids but prevent escape of the pest is proposed. [copyright] 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Hypothenemus hampei},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Jaramillo, Juliana and Chabi-Olaye, Adenirin and Borgemeister, Christian and Kamonjo, Charles and Poehling, Hans-Michael and Vega, Fernando E.}
}
@article {13050,
	title = {The role of Brachyufens osborni (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in the classical biological control program against Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Florida},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {54},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {213-220},
	abstract = {Brachyufens osborni is an indigenous egg parasitoid of weevil species laying concealed eggs in Florida. Diaprepes abbreviatus, an exotic weevil pest of different crops in the southern USA, has been reported as a host for B. osborni. In this study we investigated the interaction between B. osborni and D. abbreviatus as well as other hosts including Pachnaeus litus and Artipus floridanus. The thermal requirements of B. osborni and the interaction between this species and three other weevil parasitoids introduced in a classical biological control program against D. abbreviatus (Aprostocetus vaquitarum, Haeckeliania sperata and Quadrastichus haitiensis) were also examined in laboratory studies. Although B. osborni attacked eggs of all weevil species tested, it could not complete development on D. abbreviatus. The three exotic parasitoids did successfully develop on both P. litus and D. abbreviatus eggs, though our results showed that P. litus should not be considered as an alternative host for the introduced parasitoids during winter in central Florida. Because B. osborni cannot complete development on D. abbreviatus, it has never been recovered from field collected hosts, and its effect on D. abbreviatus in the field remains ignored. This study demonstrates that although B. osborni could not successfully develop in D. abbreviatus, it can inflict important mortality to it and suggests that B. osborni could impact the establishment of introduced D. abbreviatus egg parasitoids. [copyright] 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Diaprepes abbreviatus},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Jacas, Josep A. and Ulmer, Bryan J. and Duncan, Rita E. and Pena, Jorge E.}
}
@article {12552,
	title = {Impact of the biological control agent Rhinoncomimus latipes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on mile-a-minute weed, Persicaria perfoliata, in field cages},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {46},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {September},
	pages = {417-423},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A host-specific Asian weevil, Rhinoncomimus latipes Korotyaev, was approved in 2004 for release in North America for control of mile-a-minute weed, Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross (formerly Polygonum perfoliatum L.), an invasive annual vine from Asia. The impact of R. latipes feeding on P. perfoliata was studied in field cages over a 2-year period. In 2006, 20 weevils introduced into cages with single plants in May (when weevils first emerge from overwintering) suppressed seed production for about 9 weeks, while weevils introduced in June (when the first summer generation of adults emerge) did not affect seed phenology. Plants in all cages produced substantial numbers of seeds late in the year, but the average seed (achene) weight was reduced for plants with 20 weevils per plant introduced in May. In 2007, plants grown with some competition from other plants within field cages showed substantial mortality, with 63\% of plants with 10 or 20 weevils and 75\% of plants with 40 weevils per plant dead by mid-August, compared with 12.5\% of control plants. Reproduction was delayed by more than a month in surviving plants with 10 or 20 weevils, and by more than 2 months in the few survivors with 40 weevils. Surviving plants with 40 weevils per plant showed loss of apical dominance, which can allow plants to compensate for herbivore damage, but in the case of a light-adapted vine like P. perfoliata may prevent the plants from achieving needed sun exposure. These results suggest that R. latipes feeding on P. perfoliata has the potential to impact plant growth and reproduction, and can put affected plants at a substantial competitive disadvantage.},
	keywords = {Rhinoncomimus latipes},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Hough-Goldstein, Judith and Schiff, Megan and Lake, Ellen and Butterworth, Brian}
}
@article {11991,
	title = {Chalcodermus serripes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) for Biological Control of Mimosa pigra: host relations and life cycle.},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ORIG-Title-Journal-Volume-Combination:  Chalcodermus serripes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) for biological control of Mimosa pigra: host relations and life cycle. Biological Control 15},
	pages = {1-9},
	author = {Heard, T.A. and Burcher, J.A. and Forno, I.W.}
}
@article {11982,
	title = {Mortality factors affecting the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham), in its area of origin: A life table analysis},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {54},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {331-341},
	abstract = {The cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a widely distributed invasive pest of cruciferous crops in North America. Control measures rely mostly on the application of insecticides but alternative control strategies such as classical biological control are under evaluation. To investigate the impact of parasitoids and other mortality factors on C. obstrictus populations, life table studies were conducted between 2005 and 2007 in 13 winter oilseed rape fields in Switzerland, part of the native range. Under field conditions females only realized approximately 50\% of their potential lifetime fecundity, varying between 96 and 631 eggs per individual. Total generational mortality was higher than 99.6\% in each year. Overwintering mortality of adults was the major population limiting factor, contributing approximately 50\% to the overall generational mortality of C. obstrictus, whereas factors acting on the immature stages were responsible for the remaining 50\%. Among the mortality factors of the immature stages, egg, larval and pupal mortality contributed 9-12\%, 25-28\% and 4-6\% to the generational mortality, respectively. Larval ecto-parasitism on its own accounted for 7-15\% of the generational mortality. Comparison of life table data presented here with that from North America will be invaluable for elucidating the mortality factors that regulate C. obstrictus populations in Europe, the region of origin. [copyright] 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Ceutorhynchus obstrictus},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Haye, T. and Mason, P. G. and Dosdall, L.M. and Kuhlmann, U.}
}
@article {11915,
	title = {The impact of entomopathogenic nematodes on a non-target, service-providing longhorn beetle is limited by targeted application when controlling forestry pest Hylobius abietis},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {62},
	number = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {NIL_0059-NIL_0068},
	abstract = {Entomopathogenic nematodes are being applied to tree stumps on coniferous clearfell sites in Europe for inundative biological control of the large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis; Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a major forestry pest. We investigated the risk that two nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis downesi (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), present to longhorn beetle Rhagium bifasciatum (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a service-providing, non-target saproxylic insect on clearfell sites. In a Petri dish assay, larvae of R. bifasciatum were less susceptible (LC50 24-42) than pupae or adults (LC50 <= 10) to infective juveniles (IJs) of S. carpocapsae and H. downesi. S. carpocapsae and H. downesi reproduced within R. bifasciatum larvae, pupae and adults, with up to 130,000 IJs emerging per insect. When we applied 1.8 million IJs (half the number recommended per tree stump containing pine weevil) to deadwood logs in laboratory and field experiments, both nematode species infected more than 50\% of R. bifasciatum within the logs. Field application at a lower, more realistic rate (18,000 IJs per log) resulted in 0-11\% infection. The two nematode species caused similar rates of infection within logs and infected R. bifasciatum larvae more than 4 cm deep within the wood. On six clearfell sites sampled one to twelve months after S. carpocapsae had been inundatively applied to tree stumps for suppression of pine weevil, < 10\% of deadwood logs contained infected R. bifasciatum and < 4\% of 1989 R. bifasciatum individuals in logs were infected. Infection was recorded a year after nematodes had been applied, however, suggesting that nematodes were recycling within logs in the field. Incidence of R. bifasciatum infection decreased significantly with increasing distance between a log and the nearest treated tree stump. Thus, our results indicate that entomopathogenic nematodes can infect and recycle in R. bifasciatum, but that the risk to this and other saproxylic non-target insects is limited by the targeted application of nematodes to tree stumps. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Harvey, Christopher D. and Alameen, Khalil M. and Griffin, Christine T.}
}
@article {11156,
	title = {Pre-release impact assessment of two stem-boring weevils proposed as biological control agents for Alliaria petiolata},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {45},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {June},
	pages = {360-367},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Experimental studies can be useful tools to test plant responses to herbivory and to quantify the impact of potential biological control agents prior to their release. We evaluated the per-capita effect of Ceutorhynchus alliariae and C roberti, two stem-boring weevils currently being investigated as potential biological control agents for garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata, in North America. Weevils were released at three different densities in individual and mixed-species treatments onto potted plants of A. petiolata. Damage by C roberti alone and by both weevils combined caused an increase in the numbers of inflorescences produced per plant. Although plants could compensate for low levels of damage, moderate to high levels of damage by both C alliariae and C roberti, individually and in combination, caused a decrease in plant height and a reduction in seed output per plant. The damage inflicted by both weevil species is similar so the overall impact of both species combined can be predicted by summing the impact of each species alone. Provided they are sufficiently host specific, both weevils could be released as biocontrol agents. Because reduced seed production is necessary to suppress A. petiolata populations, both species have the potential to contribute to control of A. petiolata in North America. [copyright] 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Ceutorhynchus alliariae, Ceutorhynchus roberti},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Gerber, E. and Hinz, H. L. and Blossey, B.}
}
@article {11154,
	title = {Impact of the belowground herbivore and potential biological control agent, Ceutorhynchus scrobicollis, on Alliaria petiolata performance},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {42},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {September},
	pages = {355-364},
	abstract = {We studied the influence of the root-crown weevil Ceutorhynchus scrobicollis on its host plant Alliaria petiolata, a European biennial herb that is currently invading much of temperate North America. Varying timing of attack and herbivore densities in a common garden allowed to assess seasonality of plant response, density-dependence of impact, and the effect of intraspecific competition on C. scrobicollis recruitment (number of F1 generation adults emerged). Data collected in the common garden were compared with data collected at field sites. C. scrobicollis is a common weevil in Europe, frequently attaining high attack levels on its host plant. In the common garden, weevil attack decreased plant survival by up to 43\%, reduced plant height by 54\%, increased the number of shoots by up to four-fold and delayed seed ripening, but had no significant negative effect on seed production. Plants infested in spring allocated less biomass to above-ground plant parts, and remained smaller than plants attacked in autumn, indicating that the latter were able to partly compensate for weevil attack. Increasing weevil density rarely had an effect on A. petiolata performance, and did not increase F1 recruitment, suggesting strong intraspecific competition. At field sites, C. scrobicollis attack is spread over a long time period, which probably alleviates intraspecific competition. In summary, attack by the root-crown feeding weevil, C. scrobicollis, can substantially reduce growth and survival of A. petiolata. If introduced as a biological control agent into North America, C. scrobicollis is likely to decrease the fitness and competitive superiority of A. petiolata. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Ceutorhynchus scrobicollis},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Gerber, E. and Hinz, H. L. and Blossey, B.}
}
@article {11062,
	title = {Field host-specificity of the mile-a-minute weevil, Rhinoncomimus latipes Korotyaev (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {55},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {234-240},
	abstract = {The safe practice of biological control relies, in part, on an accurate evaluation of a potential agent{\textquoteright}s host-specificity via testing through a "filter of safety". The results of laboratory tests may differ from those obtained in open field host-specificity tests, where agents are able to use their full range of host-selection behaviors. It was hypothesized that Rhinoncomimus latipes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the biological control agent released against mile-a-minute weed, Persicaria perfoliata (Polygonaceae), would not feed or oviposit on nontarget plants in a two-phase, open field setting. Ten weevils were placed at the base of each of 13 test plant species in a randomized complete block design with six replicates. Weevils placed at the base of mile-a-minute weed were marked with yellow fluorescent dust, and yellow weevils were subsequently found only on mile-a-minute. Weevils placed at the base of nontarget plants (marked with red fluorescent dust) rapidly colonized mile-a-minute weed. Three hours after release, the number of R. latipes found on mile-a-minute weed was significantly higher than predicted by a random distribution of weevils on all test plants. The likelihood of finding more weevils on mile-a-minute compared to nontarget plant species was 31.0\% at 3 h and increased to 96.5\% at 44 h after release. Whereas prerelease studies showed feeding at low levels on 9 of the 13 plant species tested here, under open field conditions R. latipes did not feed on any nontarget plant species and dispersed from these plants. In an open field setting, where the weevil was able to use its full range of host-selection behaviors, there was no observed risk of nontarget effects for any species tested. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Rhinoncomimus latipes},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Frye, Matthew J. and Lake, Ellen C. and Hough-Goldstein, Judith}
}
@article {10959,
	title = {Dispersal of Galerucella pusilla and G. calmariensis via passive water transport in the Columbia River Estuary},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {52},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {115-122},
	abstract = {Dispersal of biological control agents and their subsequent population growth can be a major determinant of the success of landscape-scale weed control programs. Biocontrol agents must be able to disperse across the distances between patches of host plants in order to colonize and control their targets. The presence of three species of biocontrol agents for purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.): Galerucella calmariensis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Galerucella pusilla Duftschmid (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and Nanophyes marmoratus Goeze (Coleoptera: Brentidae), on relatively remote islands in the Columbia River Estuary (CRE) indicate that these organisms have the ability to disperse across large expanses of open flowing water to colonize remote sites. Previous studies suggest that colonization of these islands by active flight is highly unlikely; therefore, some other dispersal mechanism must be responsible for colonization. A spatial database of all known biocontrol agent release sites for purple loosestrife within 68 river kilometers of our CRE study area was developed and field surveys for biocontrol agents were conducted. A GIS was used to model dispersal distances between biocontrol agent recovery sites and the nearest conspecific release site. Tidal water flow within the CRE was assessed as a potential dispersal mechanism across the modeled distances. The ability of the biocontrol agents to withstand submersion was evaluated in field tests. Our results indicate that it is highly likely that passive water transport has been responsible for some of the long-distance open-water dispersal that would have been necessary for colonization of the remote islands where biocontrol agents were recovered. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Nanophyes marmoratus},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Ferrarese, Elise and Garono, Ralph J.}
}
@article {10893,
	title = {The biology of Phymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) under field conditions},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {49},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {June},
	pages = {227-233},
	abstract = {The coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) was accidentally introduced into Mexico, in 1978, and rapidly became the main pest of coffee. As an exotic pest, its management has been mainly based on biological control methods through the introduction of parasitoids from Africa. In this context, at the beginning of the present decade, the parasitoid Phymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was imported to Mexico. Since then, several studies have been carried out as part of the post introduction evaluation of this parasitoid. In this paper. information concerning the parasitism and life-cycle of A coffea in coffee farms is presented with the objective of providing information that elucidates its role as a biological control agent. A coffea showed highly significant preferences for allocation of two eggs per host, usually one female and one male. Both offspring are able to develop and reach the adult stage successfully. Lifespan of adults is 2-3 days only. The degree of parasitism by P. coffea was more than 95\% at the three altitudes tested, when releases consisted of a ratio of 10 CBB:1 parasitoid. The median survivorship of CBB parasitized by this wasp was 13, 15 and 19 days at the low, medium and high altitude coffee zones, respectively. The parasitism by P. coffea was higher when parasitoid releases were carried out simultaneously with the CBB, and decreased with the time between host and parasitoid releases. We showed that using P. coffea at a density of 1 parasitoid per 10 hosts resulted in a 3- to 5.6-fold decrease in CBB damage to the coffee seeds when compared to the control. The importance and value of these results are discussed in terms of the use of P. coffea as a biological control agent of the CBB in Latin America. [copyright] 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Hypothenemus hampei},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Espinoza, Julio C. and Infante, Francisco and Castillo, Alfredo and Perez, Jeanneth and Nieto, Guadalupe and Pinson, Erika P. and Vega, Fernando E.}
}
@article {10672,
	title = {Impacts of the introduced biocontrol agent, Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), on the seed production and population dynamics of Cirsium ownbeyi (Asteraceae), a rare, native thistle},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {79-84},
	abstract = {The release of non-native insects to control noxious weeds is commonly used to combat invasions without disturbing the environment through chemical or mechanical methods. However, introduced biological control agents can have unintended effects. This study was initiated to evaluate potential non-target effects of the flowerhead weevil, Rhinocyllus conicus Frolich, on Cirsium ownbeyi S. L. Welsh, a rare, native and short-lived perennial thistle in northwestern Colorado, northeastern Utah, and southwestern Wyoming. C. ownbeyi represents one of 22 known native hosts on which this introduced weevil has naturalized. The study population remained stable over the eight years of the study despite floral damage by the biocontrol beetle. The growth rate ([lambda]) from a count-based population viability analysis of the population was 1.03; however, large inter-year variation indicates this rare species is still vulnerable to local extirpation. The biocontrol weevil consistently damaged the developing seeds over the course of the study independent of changes in overall population size and variation in the number of flowering individuals. The target species, Carduus nutans L. (musk thistle) is generally absent near the study plots, which may limit the population levels of R. conicus that can be sustained in this area. Although R. conicus utilizes C. ownbeyi as a host plant, the late flowering period of this native thistle and the small size of the flower heads may limit the demographic impact of R. conicus on C. ownbeyi. [copyright]2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Rhinocyllus conicus},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {DePrenger-Levin, Michelle E. and Grant, Thomas A., III and Dawson, Carol}
}
@article {10597,
	title = {The phenology and impact of the gorse seed weevil, Exapion ulicis, on gorse, Ulex europaeus, in Tasmania},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {April},
	pages = {85-92},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The patterns of gorse pod production, the phenology of Exapion ulicis and its impact on gorse seed production were assessed ill a field study conducted at two sites over 20 months in Tasmania, Australia. The production of gorse pods varied considerably between the two sites as did the impact of E. ulicis on mature gorse seed production. At Stonehenge, a site in Tasmania{\textquoteright}s eastern midlands, green pods were produced in spring and summer and black pods were produced in late spring, summer and early autumn, the timing of which was well synchronised with E. ulicis seed feeding activity. At Lymington, a coastal site in southern Tasmania, both green and black pods were produced almost all year, the timing of which was not well synchronised with E ulicis seed feeding activity. As a result, the average percentage of mature seeds that were damaged by E ulicis was 2.7 times higher at Stonehenge (45.5\%) than at Lymington (16.7\%). These levels of seed destruction were much lower than the levels (i.e. 75-85\%) that were considered necessary by previous workers to cause a decline in gorse densities. The results show that additional agents are needed to act in combination with E. ulicis and reduce seed production further if seed feeding biological control agents are to have an impact on plant densities in Tasmanian gorse populations. ([copyright]) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Exapion ulicis},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Davies, Jamie T. and Ireson, John E. and Allen, Geoff R.}
}
@article {10529,
	title = {The effect of larval predators Thanasimus dubius (Coleoptera: Cleridae), produced by an improved system of rearing, against the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {60},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {1-6},
	abstract = {The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (SPB), is known to be a major bark beetle pest of pines throughout the southeastern United States. A common predator of bark beetles, Thanasimus dubius (Coleoptera: Cleridae), has been suggested to play a prevalent role on SPB dynamics. Evaluations of T. dubius have been limited by rearing methods; an artificial diet for larval T. dubius exists, and preservatives such as sorbic acid could help to maximize diet shelf-life and enhance the efficiency of the rearing system. The effects of sorbic acid at different concentrations (0\%, 0.1\% and 0.2\%) in the larval diet for T. dubius were measured, and the effects of increased feeding time intervals (2-3 vs. 5 days) on predator performance evaluated. In addition, an experimental bioassay was conducted where newly hatched T. dubius larvae were released at four densities (0, 50, 100, and 200 per log) on pine logs infested by SPB. Sorbic acid in the diet reduced female fecundity (by 20-40\%), but did not affect adult T. dubius size or longevity. However, using this preservative may not be necessary because it had no effect on the overall efficiency of the rearing system, while refreshing the larval diet every 5 days (compared with 2-3 days) did improve its efficiency, even without sorbic acid. The release of larval T. dubius resulted in a highly significant effect on the SPB ratio of increase (RI). This experiment was facilitated by the improvements in our rearing methods. Published by Elsevier Inc.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus frontalis},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Costa, Arnaud and Reeve, John D.}
}
@article {10503,
	title = {Release and monitoring of a potential biological control agent, Lixadmontia franki, to control an invasive bromeliad-eating weevil, Metamasius callizona, in Florida},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {59},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {December},
	pages = {319-325},
	abstract = {Metamasius callizona is an invasive bromeliad-eating weevil that has been destroying native bromeliads in Florida. A potential biological control agent, Lixadmontia franki, was released at four sites on six occasions. Five releases for each site were made throughout 2007[long dash]2008 and a 6th round of releases was made in spring 2009. Monitoring followed each release. Monitoring following the first release resulted in an F2 fly recovery which demonstrated that L. franki is capable of surviving and reproducing in Florida. Since then, no other recoveries have been made. The absence of further recoveries may be because no other flies survived to parasitize the sentinel weevil larvae, or flies did survive but either did not parasitize sentinel weevil larvae or did but the parasitism went unnoticed. Climate and elevation differences between the fly{\textquoteright}s native range and Florida or limited nectar sources may have limited the fly{\textquoteright}s ability to survive. Poorly located and/or too few traps or traps with less attractiveness than wild bromeliads may have caused a failure to capture flies that did survive. The loss of sentinel weevil larvae may have resulted in the loss of parasitized larvae. Recommendations are given for future release and monitoring methods.},
	keywords = {Metamasius callizona},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Cooper, T. M. and Frank, J. H. and Cave, R. D. and Burton, M. S. and Dawson, J. S. and Smith, B. W.}
}
@article {9522,
	title = {Role of plant phenology in mediating interactions between two biological control agents for spotted knapweed},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {58},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {367-373},
	abstract = {The role of spotted knapweed phenology on the attack rate of two seed-head insects Urophora affinis and Larinus minutus was assessed in a series of field studies at four study sites in south-eastern British Columbia, Canada. Slow or later developing knapweed plants had more seed heads that contained only single or multiple U. affinis whereas early or faster developing plants had more seed heads containing L. minutus alone or in combination with U. affinis. L. minutus did not distinguish between seed heads with or without U. affinis larvae when laying eggs. However, seed heads with multiple U. affinis present, produced fewer L. minutus adults than expected. The probability of single or multiple U. affinis galls being present increased with seed-head diameter but was not affected by seed-head height. Attack by L. minutus increased with seed-head diameters >5 mm and was lower at plant heights above 50 cm. These results demonstrate two mechanisms that enable U. affinis to successfully coexist with L. minutus: differences between the species in their response to the developmental phenology of knapweed heads, and increased survivorship of U. affinis in heads with multiple U. affinis galls through niche interference competition. These mechanisms provide a possible explanation for the persistence of U. affinis populations on spotted knapweed, in spite of high levels of within seed-head mortality that have been observed with increasing L. minutus populations. Crown Copyright [copyright] 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Larinus minutus},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Bourchier, R. S. and Crowe, M. L.}
}
@article {9337,
	title = {Attraction of the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to odors from grain and stored product pests in a Y-tube olfactometer},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {54},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {29-34},
	abstract = {Pests that affect stored products can be very harmful; they can affect stock, damage products by reducing their weight or by contaminating them, and consequently affect a brand{\textquoteright}s reputation. As the range of permitted chemical products is being progressively reduced, biological control is a tool that is being increasingly developed. Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a well-known ectoparasitoid that attacks late-instar larvae of several stored product pests. The current study evaluates the host preference of female parasitoids, regarding host species, stages and host food products, using a vertical Y-tube olfactometer. Parasitoids were offered late-instar larvae and adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), Tribolium confusum (Jacqueline duVal) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) and host food products (rice and flour). They preferred uninfested host food products (rice or flour) to empty controls and uninfested paddy rice to uninfested brown rice, while wheat flour was clearly more attractive to them than brown rice. For all the host species, larvae-infested products were more attractive than uninfested ones and than adults of the same species, except in the case of T. confusum. When larvae-infested products of different species were compared among themselves, different levels of attractiveness were observed. Adult stages were not attractive in any of the trials. This preference evaluation aimed to assess the potential of using parasitoids as effective biological control agents in stored product companies. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus orvzae},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Belda, Consuelo and Riudavets, Jordi}
}
@article {9145,
	title = {Ecology and impact of Allorhogas sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Apion sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) on fruits of Miconia calvescens DC (Melastomataceae) in Brazil},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {December},
	pages = {317-322},
	abstract = {Two fruit-feeding insects, a gall wasp, Allorhogas sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and a beetle, Apion sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea), were evaluated in their native habitat in Brazil as potential biological control agents of Miconia calvescens DC (Melastomataceae). Allorhogas sp. occurred at two out of three field sites with native populations of M. calvescens, and Apion sp. occurred at all three sites. Both species exhibited aggregated distributions among M. calvescens trees sampled at each site. A llorhogas sp. infested 9.0\% and 3.8\% of fruits at each of two sites. The number of larvae and pupae of Allorhogas sp. and/or an unidentified parasitoid (Hymenopetera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) ranged from one to five per infested fruit. Fruits infested with Allorhogas sp. were 20\% larger and had 79\% fewer seeds than healthy fruits. Although adults of Apion sp. were found on leaves and inflorescences of M. calvescens at all three sites, larvae and pupae were found in fruits at only one site, where a maximum of 1.4\% of fruits were infested. Fruits infested by Apion sp. contained only one larva or pupa, and were 15\% smaller and had 62\% fewer seeds than healthy fruits. While a variety of apionids have been used for biological control in the past, this is the first time a braconid wasp has been considered for biological control of a weed. [copyright] 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Apion},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Badenes-Perez, Francisco R. and Johnson, M. Tracy}
}
@article {9139,
	title = {Biology, oviposition preference and impact in quarantine of the petiole-galling weevil, Coelocephalapion camarae Kissinger, a promising candidate agent for biological control of Lantana camara},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {40},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	month = {February},
	pages = {187-195},
	abstract = {The petiole-gaffing weevil, Coelocephalapion camarae Kissinger (Coleoptera: Brentidae), native to Mexico, was introduced into quarantine in South Africa to evaluate its potential to supplement the biological control programme against the invasive varieties of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). The weevil occurs over a wide, native, geographic range, indicating its physiological potential to establish and persist throughout the range of climatic conditions under which the target weed grows in South Africa. The adults are highly selective in their choice of oviposition site, and only leaf-petioles with a width larger than 1.5 mm are accepted. Emerging larvae burrow into the vascular tissue and induce gall formation. Galling disrupts the transport of water and nutrients to and from the leaf, causing it to desiccate. During glasshouse studies the effect of galling on plant growth was tested on two different lantana varieties. The apionine both reduced lantana biomass accumulation (from 2 to 43\% dry mass), and altered subsequent resource allocation away from the roots in both lantana varieties. Root growth increment loss over the duration of the trials on medium-density beetle-colonized plants (10 adult pairs) was between 109 and 144\%, and increased from 109 to 117\% in high-density beetle-colonized plants (20 adult pairs). These studies suggest that C camarae could make a valuable contribution to the biocontrol programme against L. camara, and that studies on its host specificity are warranted. [copyright] 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Coelocephalapion camarae},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Baars, J. R. and Hill, M. P. and Heystek, F. and Neser, S. and Urban, A. J.}
}
@article {9037,
	title = {Using molecular genetics to identify immature specimens of the weevil Ceratapion basicorne (Coleoptera: Apionidae)},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {51},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {October},
	pages = {152-157},
	abstract = {Molecular analyses can play a primary role in the process of host specificity evaluation at species and population levels. Here we present an example of their application with a promising candidate biological control agent for yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L. Although it is highly host specific, Ceratapion basicorne (Coleoptera: Apionidae) can develop on safflower in laboratory tests. A field experiment was conducted to further evaluate host plant specificity; however, it was not possible to rear all larvae to the adult stage, which was necessary for species determination. Therefore molecular genetic methods were used to identify immature specimens. A 731 bp fragment of mtDNA cytochrome C oxidase I gene (COI) was sequenced from 41 individuals of C. basicorne and four congeners: Ceratapion orientale, Ceratapion onopordi, Ceratapion penetrans and Ceratapion scalptum. Intraspecific variability ranged from 0.0\% to 0.2\%, and interspecific divergences ranged from 1.7\% to 17.6\%. All larvae that were sequenced from the field study, clearly matched one of the five species, enabling us to unambiguously identify them. Use of molecular genetics to identify larvae should also help the process of foreign exploration, enabling the identification of field-collected larvae, which often provide more reliable host plant associations than field collected adults. Published by Elsevier Inc.},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Antonini, G. and Coletti, G. and Serrani, L. and Tronci, C. and Cristofaro, M. and Smith, L.}
}
@article {9033,
	title = {Effect of potting media on the efficacy and dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {58},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {310-318},
	abstract = {The effect of five commercial potting media, peat, bark, coir, and peat blended with 10\% and 20\% compost green waste (CGW) on the virulence of six commercially available entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora UWS1, Heterorhabditis megidis, Heterorhabditis downesi, Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapsae, and Steinernema kraussei was tested against third-instar black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus. Media type was shown to significantly affect EPN virulence. Heterorhabditis species caused 100\% larval mortality in all media whereas Steinernema species caused 100\% larval mortality only in the peat blended with 20\% CGW. A later experiment investigated the effect of potting media on the virulence of EPN species against BVW by comparing the vertical dispersal of EPN in the presence and absence of BVW larva. Media type significantly influenced EPN dispersal. Dispersal of H. bacteriophora was higher than H. megidis, H. downesi, or S. kraussei in all media, whereas, S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae dispersal was much reduced and restricted to peat blended with 20\% CGW and coir, respectively. In the absence of larvae, most of the EPN species remained in the same segment they were applied in, suggesting that the larvae responded to host volatile cues. Greenhouse trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of most virulent strain, H. bacteriophora in conditions more representative of those in the field, using 2.5 x 109 infective juveniles/ha. The efficacy of H. bacteriophora UWS1 against third-instar BVW was 100\% in peat, and peat blended with 10\% and 20\% CGW but only 70\% in bark and coir, 2 weeks after application. These studies suggest that potting media significantly affects the efficacy and dispersal of EPN for BVW control. [copyright] 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Otiorhynchus sulcatus},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Ansari, M. A. and Butt, T. M.}
}
@article {9021,
	title = {The occurrence and potential relevance of post-release, nontarget attack by Mogulones cruciger, a biocontrol agent for Cynoglossum officinale in Canada},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {46},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {September},
	pages = {304-311},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Reports on nontarget attack by introduced biological control agents have caused debate over the safety of biological control of weeds. One outcome of this dialogue is the importance of monitoring for nontarget attack and its effects as part of post-release assessments. This is particularly vital in the case of the root-mining weevil Mogulones cruciger, which was approved and released in Canada, but not in the United States, to control Cynoglossum officinale. Mogulones cruciger was first released in British Columbia in 1997, following recommendations of the American Technical Advisory Group and the Canadian Biological Control Review Committee. During the same year, the US Fish and Wildlife Service raised concerns about potential nontarget effects by this insect to Boraginaceae species on the endangered species list. To assess the occurrence of nontarget attack, and its potential for nontarget effects, we identified and monitored confamilial species co-occurring with C. officinale at six M. cruciger release sites in Alberta and British Columbia over a two year period. All four co-occurring species were attacked by the weevil to varying degrees, although attack was inconsistent between years and sites. Nontarget species were attacked to a lesser degree than C. officinale, but differences were not consistent for species, sites, or years. There was a positive relationship between the probability of nontarget attack and C. officinale attack rate by M. cruciger. Our data suggest that the immigration of M. cruciger into the US may expose certain Boraginaceae to nontarget attack, but the transitory nature of that attack and consequently the risk to native species is unknown.},
	keywords = {Mogulones cruciger},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Andreas, Jennifer Elizabeth and Schwarzlaender, Mark and de Clerck-Floate, Rosemarie}
}
@article {8895,
	title = {Experimental evaluation of the impacts of two ant species on banana weevil in Uganda},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {46},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {August},
	pages = {147-157},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar), is an important pest of bananas. Predatory ants are increasingly being viewed as possible biological control agents of this pest because they are capable of entering banana plants and soil in search of prey. We studied ant predation on banana weevil in Uganda in crop residues and live plants in both laboratory and field experiments. Field studies with live plants used chemical ant exclusion in some plots and ant enhancement via colony transfer in others to measure effects of Pheidole sp. 2 and Odontomachus troglodytes Santschi on plant damage and densities of immature banana weevils. In crop residues, an important pest breeding site, twice as many larvae were removed from ant-enhanced plots as in control plots. In young (2 month) potted suckers held in shade houses, ant ability to reduce densities of banana weevil life stages varied with the weevil inoculation rate. At the lowest density (2 female weevils per pot), densities of eggs, larvae, and pupae were reduced by ants. At higher rates there was no effect. In older suckers (5[long dash]11 months) grown in larger containers, banana weevil densities were not affected by ants, but damage levels were reduced. In a field trial lasting a full crop cycle (30 months), we found that the ants tested reduced the density of banana weevil eggs in suckers during the crop, but did not affect larval densities in the sampled suckers. However, most larvae occur in the main banana plants, rather than associated suckers. Nevertheless, levels of damage in mature plants at harvest did not differ between Amdro-treated and ant-enhanced plots, suggesting the ant species studied were not able to provide economic control of banana weevil under our test conditions.},
	keywords = {Cosmopolites sordidus},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Abera-Kalibata, Agnes M. and Gold, Clifford S. and van Driesche, Roy}
}
@article {8896,
	title = {Composition, distribution, and relative abundance of ants in banana farming systems in Uganda},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {40},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	month = {February},
	pages = {168-178},
	abstract = {A survey of ant composition and relative abundance was conducted in farmers{\textquoteright} fields in the banana growing areas of Uganda in 2003 to assess the effects of farming practices on ant species composition in banana fields. This survey was done to identify potentially important predators of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar). Work was repeated in both one wet and one dry season at all locations. We sampled at 39 farms in four regions and found 55 species of ants in pitfall traps and 24 species in fish and honey baits. When banana weevil larvae were exposed as baits, I I ant species were attracted, of which Pheidole sp. 1, Pheidole sp. 2, Pheidole sp. 3, Parture-china sp. 1, and Lepisiota sp. 1 were the most abundant. Seventeen ant species were found in pseudostems and 34 in corms of live banana plants and residues of harvested plants. High species richness and abundance especially inside plants and residues, suggest that ants are important foragers in banana plantations. Seven of the ant species found in plants demonstrated significant ability to remove banana weevil eggs artificially inserted in corms. Two species, Odontomachus troglodytes Santschi and Pheidole sp. 2, were able to remove eggs from naturally infested corms. O. troglodytes removed 33-68\% of the eggs in naturally infested corms, while Pheidole sp. 2 removed 38-60\%, of such eggs. The attraction of O. troglodytes and Pheidole sp. 2 to banana weevil-infested plant pieces, their close association with banana plants and residues, and their ability to extract artificially and naturally introduced banana weevil eggs from plant tissue suggest that these two species may have significant potential to consume weevil immature stages in plants and residues. [copyright] 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Cosmopolites sordidus},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Abera-Kalibata, Agnes M. and Gold, Clifford S. and Van Driesche, Roy G. and Ragama, Philip E.}
}
@article {8488,
	title = {Developmental rates of the native milfoil weevil, Euhrychiopsis lecontei, and damage to Eurasian watermilfoil at constant temperatures},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {16},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	month = {October},
	pages = {139-143},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The native aquatic weevil Euhrychiopsis lecontei (Dietz) is a potential biological control agent of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.). The weevil reduces the viability of milfoil by mining plant stems. We determined the influence of temperature on the developmental rates of the weevil and damage to Eurasian watermilfoil stems. Single E. lecontei eggs were laid on rooted plants in individual tubes filled with water and 16 such tubes were randomly assigned to each of eight environmental chambers set at constant temperatures of 15, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, and 31degreeC with a 16-h daylength. Weevils and plants were monitored daily and development times were recorded for the egg, larval, and pupal stages. Length of watermilfoil stem damaged (cm) was estimated at 21, 25, and 29degreeC. Developmental rate was linearly related to temperature, up to 29degreeC; the developmental maximum appeared to be between 29 and 31degreeC. Average egg hatch occurred in 12.0 days at 15degreeC and in 4.2 days at 31degreeC. Average larval development time took 20 days at 15degreeC and 6.1 days at 31degreeC. Complete egg to adult development ranged from 16.6 days at 29degreeC to 61.7 days at 15degreeC. The lower developmental threshold was between 8.2 and 10.5degreeC, and egg to adult development required 309 +- 27.6 (2 SE) degree-days above 9.8degreeC. Daily stem damage increased with temperature but total damage (by larvae) was equal across temperatures and averaged 15.1 +- 1.9 cm. Field temperature data indicated that up to five generations could be completed in a typical summer in Minnesota lakes.},
	keywords = {Euhrychiopsis lecontei},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Mazzei, Kristine C. and Newman, Raymond M. and Loos, Alyson and Ragsdale, David W.}
}
@article {8480,
	title = {Temperature and host-plant effects on development and population growth of Mecinus janthinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a biological control agent for invasive Linaria spp},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {40},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {March},
	pages = {405-410},
	abstract = {Mecinus janthinus Germar is a European stem-mining weevil that has been established in North Americaas a biological control agent against the invasive European weeds Linaria vulgaris P. Mill. and Linaria dalmatica (L.) P. Mill. (Scrophulariaceae). Establishment success and impact of the weevil have varied widely among sites. We investigated the hypothesis that some of this variation may be due to a lack of sufficient time for M. janthinus to develop to the adult (overwintering) stage in less favorable climates. Development time of M. janthiniis was measured in L. vulgaris and L-dalmatica at four constant temperatures,and logistic regression was used to derive a model for the effect of temperature on development. Development rates were simulated using historic climate data fora site in central Alberta (where establishment was marginal on L. vulgaris) and one in southern British Columbia (where outbreaks,occurred, resulting in heavy damage to L. dalmatica). The model showed that, on average, the British Columbia site had,50 more days available for the weevil to lay eggs that could reach the adult stage in time for overwintering than did the Alberta site. This may explain the more rapid population buildup at the British Columbia site. This model could be used to predict the climatic suitability of other areas for establishment of M. janthinus. An unexplained result was the very low survival rate of eggs laid in L. dalmatica under the same experimental conditions. [copyright] 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Mecinus janthinus},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {McClay, A. S. and Hughes, R. B.}
}
@article {6155,
	title = {Alcidodes sedi (Col.: Curculionidae), a natural enemy of Bryophyllum delagoense (Crassulaceae) in South Africa and a possible candidate for the Biological Control of this weed in Australia.},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ORIG-Title-Journal-Volume-Combination:  Alcidodes sedi (Col.: Curculionidae), a natural enemy of Bryophyllum delagoense (Crassulaceae) in South Africa and a possible candidate for the biological control of this weed in Australia. Biological Control 31},
	pages = {380-387},
	author = {Witt, A.B.R. and McConnachie , A.J. and Stals, R.}
}
@article {4888,
	title = {Application Parameters Affecting Field Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana Foliar Treatments against Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {23},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {164-178},
	type = {doi: 10.1006/bcon.2001.1004},
	keywords = {application methods, Beauveria bassiana, Colorado potato beetle, entomopathogenic fungus, field efficacy, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, microbial control},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049964401910047},
	author = {Wraight, S. P. and Ramos, M. E.}
}
