@article {12625,
	title = {Cladistic review of generic taxonomic characters in Xyleborina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)},
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {July},
	pages = {568-584},
	abstract = {A cladistic analysis of morphological characters of the subtribe Xyleborina (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is presented. An examination of individual characters revealed little phylogenetic information in many characters currently used for delimiting genera. Phylogenetically stable characters were used for the evaluation of the contemporary generic concept. The following genera have been recovered as monophyletic: Cnestus, Dryocoetoides, Eccoptopterus, Xylosandrus, Schedlia, Sampsonius and Taurodemus. The following genera have been found to be polyphyletic: Amasa, Ambrosiodmus, Arixyleborus, Coptoborus, Coptodryas, Cryptoxyleborus, Cyclorhipidion, Euwallacea, Leptoxyleborus, Taphrodasus, Theoborus, Webbia, Xyleborinus and Xyleborus. The analysis permitted the resurrection of four genera: Anisandrus, Microperus, Pseudowebbia and Streptocranus. A number of new combinations at specific level are given: Anisandrus cornutus (Schaufuss, 1891), A. dispar (Fabricius, 1792), A. eggersi (Beeson, 1930), A. improbus (Sampson, 1913), A. longidens (Eggers, 1930), A. maiche Stark, 1936, A. obesus (LeConte, 1868), A. sayi Hopkins, 1915, A. apicalis (Blandford, 1894), A. hirtus (Hagedorn, 1904), Microperus myristicae (Schedl, 1939), M. eucalypticus (Schedl, 1938), M. huangi (Browne, 1983), M. intermedius (Eggers, 1923), M. kadoyamaensis (Murayama, 1934), Pseudowebbia armifer (Schedl, 1942), P. seriata Browne, 1963, P. squamatilis (Schedl, 1955), P. trepanicauda (Eggers, 1923), P. curvatus (Browne, 1986), Streptocranus bicolor Browne, 1949, S. bicuspis (Eggers, 1940), S. capucinulus (Schedl, 1942), S. forficatus (Schedl, 1957), S. fragilis Browne, 1949, S. longicauda Browne, 1960, S. longispinis Browne, 1986, S. mirabilis Schedl, 1939, S. usagaricus (Eggers, 1922), S. sexdentatus (Eggers, 1940). The characters most useful for generic-level taxonomy of Xyleborina were identified and their states refined and illustrated. An accompanying illustrated multiple-entry electronic key for the updated xyleborine classification has been published on-line at www.scolytid.msu.edu.},
	keywords = {Amasa, Ambrosiodmus, Anisandrus, Anisandrus  dispar, Anisandrus apicalis, Anisandrus eggersi, Anisandrus hirtus, Anisandrus improbus, Anisandrus longidens, Anisandrus maiche, Anisandrus obesus, Anisandrus sayi, Arixyleborus, Cnestus, Coptoborus, Coptodryas, Cryptoxyleborus, Cyclorhipidion, Dryocoetoides, Eccoptopterus, Euwallacea, Leptoxyleborus, Microperus, Microperus eucalypticus, Microperus huangi, Microperus intermedius, Microperus kadoyamaensis, Microperus myristicae, Pseudowebbia, Pseudowebbia armifer, Pseudowebbia curvatus, Pseudowebbia seriata, Pseudowebbia squamatilis, Pseudowebbia trepanicauda, Sampsonius, Schedlia, Streptocranus, Streptocranus bicolor, Streptocranus bicuspis, Streptocranus capucinulus, Streptocranus forficatus, Streptocranus fragilis, Streptocranus longicauda, Streptocranus longispinis, Streptocranus mirabilis, Streptocranus sexdentatus, Streptocranus usagaricus, Taphrodasus, Taurodemus, Theoborus, Webbia, Xyleborina, Xyleborinus, Xyleborus, Xylosandrus},
	isbn = {0307-6970},
	author = {Hulcr, Jiri and Dole, Stephanie A. and Beaver, Roger A. and Cognato, Anthony I.}
}
@article {12592,
	title = {A comparison of bark and ambrosia beetle communities in two forest types in northern Thailand (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae)},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {December},
	pages = {1461-1470},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Many ecological studies of tropical insects are based on small sample sizes or lack sampling scheme rigor, which prevents testing ecological hypotheses and comparing samples from different sites and times. Here we present the results of quantitative trapping of bark and ambrosia beetles over 2 yr at two localities in northern Thailand separated by 5 km, 1,100 m in altitude, and in different forest types. Beetles were collected using a spatially and temporally standardized sampling scheme, followed by a quantitative analysis of community composition and its responses to environmental variables and trapping techniques. In total, 118 species were collected, but the species accumulation curves show little sign of leveling off. Based on slightly different species accumulation rates, the more humid site has a little higher species richness. Species composition was significantly different between the sites, which was not a result of undersampling of rare species. a diversity at each site contributes to the regional diversity more than the turnover of species between the sites ((3 diversity). Mean annual temperature and humidity have larger effects on the community species composition than seasonal fluctuations of temperature and humidity at each site-beetles do choose their environment but are aseasonal. The site with greater humidity supported significantly more species living in a symbiosis with fungi (ambrosia beetles), whereas the drier and more disturbed site hosted a greater number of circumtropical colonizer species. Each of the different types of trap had a bias for certain taxonomic groups. The results show that even modest samples, if properly structured and analyzed, can answer many ecological questions and can serve in biodiversity comparisons on broad scales.},
	keywords = {Platypodinae, Scolytinae},
	isbn = {0046-225X},
	author = {Hulcr, Jiri and Beaver, Roger A. and Puranasakul, Wantanee and Dole, Stephanie A. and Sonthichai, Saowapa}
}
@article {10743,
	title = {Polyphyly of Xylosandrus Reitter inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {54},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {March},
	pages = {773-782},
	abstract = {The Xyleborina ambrosia beetle genus Xylosandrus contains 54 species, several of which are of economic importance. The monophyly of the genus was tested using a data set comprised of multiple gene loci: 28S rDNA; the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase 1[alpha] (CO1); and the nuclear genes arginine kinase (ArgK), rudimentary (CAD), and Elongation Factor 1[alpha] (EF-1[alpha]). The nuclear protem-coding genes CAD and ArgK were used for the first time in phylogenetics of Scolytinae. Analyses were performed using Parsimony and Bayesian optimality criteria. Our analyses included 43 specimens representing 15 Xylosandrus species and 20 species from Amasa, Anisandrus, Cnestuts, Euwallacea and Xyleborus, and two species from the out-group genus Coccotrypes. All analyses recovered a polyphyletic Xylosandrus. Several species of Xylosandrus were consistently placed in clades with the genera Anisandrus and Cnestus with high Support values (100\% bootstrap support). Among these, was the economically important invasive species X. mutilatus, which was consistently recovered as part of the "Criestus" clade. In our analyses, both CAD and ArgK demonstrated phylogenetic utility across varying nodal depths. Despite the selection of genes with signals at complementary phylogenetic depths, the data set used herein did not resolve the phylogeny of Xylosandrus and related genera. Since the taxon sample available for molecular work represents only a fraction of Xylosandrus species, a complete revision that combines molecular and morphological data in a total evidence approach is recommended for the genus. [copyright] 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Amasa, Anisandrus, Cnestus, Euwallaeea, Xylosandrus},
	isbn = {1055-7903},
	author = {Dole, Stephanie A. and Jordal, Bjarte H. and Cognato, Anthony I.}
}
@article {10738,
	title = {A new genus and species of Bothrosternina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from Ecuador},
	journal = {Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {61},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	month = {June},
	pages = {318-325},
	abstract = {Akrobothrus ecuadoriensis, new genus and species of bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Bothrosternina) is described from the Ecuadorian Amazon. Its highly unusual elytral morphology, with a distinct depression around the scutellum, distinguishes it from all known species within the subtribe. In the male specimen, this depression results in a large spade-shaped scutellum that extends out over the elytral suture. Akrobothrus can be separated from other genera of Bothrosternina by a unique combination of characters. The antennal club is elongate and parallel-sided with 3 segments divided by procurved and recurved sutures. The lateral margins of the pronotum are costate and the prothroracic intercoxal piece has a transverse subcarinate ridge.},
	keywords = {Akrobothrus ecuadoriensis},
	isbn = {0010-065X},
	author = {Dole, Stephanie A. and Cognato, Anthony I.}
}
@article {10740,
	title = {Phylogenetic revision of Xylosandrus Reitter (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborina)},
	journal = {Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {61},
	number = {7-18},
	year = {2010},
	month = {September 15},
	pages = {451-545},
	abstract = {A phylogenetic revision of the xyleborine genus Xylosandrus Reitter based on morphological and molecular data sets is presented. The monophyly of the genus was tested using a 43 character morphological data set analyzed separately and in combination with a molecular data set comprised of five independent gene loci: 28S rDNA; the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI); and the nuclear protein-coding genes arginine kinase (ArgK), CAD (rudimentary), and elongation factor 1-[alpha] (EF-l[alpha]). Xylosandrus was recovered as polyphyletic with the present classification containing species from four other genera: Amasa Lea, Anisandrus Ferrari, Cnestus Sampson, Euwallaeea Hopkins, as well as Xylosandrus. A taxonomic revision of Xylosandrus is presented based on these results. The following new combinations are given: Amasa cylindrotomicus (Schedl), A. omissus (Schedl), A. oralis (Schedl), Anisandrus butamali (Beeson), A. ursa (Eggers), A. ursinus (Hagedorn), A. ursulus (Eggers), Cnestus ater (Eggers), C. fijianus (Schedl), C. gravidus (Blandford), C. improcerus (Sampson), C. laticeps (Wood), C. mutilatus (Blandford), C. orbiculatus (Schedl), C. peruanus (Wood), C. retifer (Wood), C. retusus (Eichhoff), C. testudo (Eggers), Cyclorhipidion squamulatum (Beaver and Loyttyniemi) all listed in Xylosandrus by Wood and Bright (1992); Xylosandrus amputatus (Blandford) and X. mixtus (Schedl) are transferred from Amasa, X. russulus (Schedel) from Euwallacea, and X. rotundicollis (Browne) from Xyleborus Eichhoff. Two new species of Xylosandrus are described: X. borneensis and X. hulcri. An illustrated key to species of Xylosandrus worldwide is provided.},
	keywords = {Amasa, Anisandrus, Cnestus, Euwallaeea, Xylosandrus},
	isbn = {0068-547X},
	author = {Dole, Stephanie A. and Cognato, Anthony I.}
}
@article {10731,
	title = {A review of the Australian species of Xylosandrus Reitter (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)},
	journal = {Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {62},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {December},
	pages = {481-492},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Three new species of the xyleborine ambrosia beetle genus Xylosandrus Reitter are described from Queensland, Australia: X. monteithi, X. queenslandi, X. woodi. Xylosandrus discolor (Blandford) is recorded for the first time from Australia. The following new combinations are given: Cnestus pseudosolidus (Schedl), Cnestus solidus (Eichhoff). These 2 species, originally described in Xyleborus, were included in Xylosandrus by Wood and Bright (1992) and are here transferred to Cnestus. A key to the six Xylosandrus species known to occur in Australia, and two that are likely to be imported, is provided. Notes are given on the distribution, host trees and economic importance of the Australian species.},
	keywords = {Cnestus pseudosolidus, Cnestus solidus, Xylosandrus, Xylosandrus abruptulus, Xylosandrus discolor, Xylosandrus monteithi, Xylosandrus morigerus, Xylosandrus queenslandi, Xylosandrus woodi},
	isbn = {0010-065X},
	author = {Dole, Stephanie A. and Beaver, Roger A.}
}
@article {10075,
	title = {Phylogeny of haplo-diploid, fungus-growing ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) inferred from molecular and morphological data},
	journal = {Zoologica Scripta},
	volume = {40},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {March},
	pages = {174-186},
	abstract = {The ambrosia beetle tribe Xyleborini currently contains 30 genera and approximately 1200 species which are distributed throughout worldwide forests with most diversity located in the tropics. They also represent the most invasive scolytines in North America. Despite economic concerns and biological curiosity with this group, a comprehensive understanding of generic boundaries and the evolutionary relationship among species is lacking. In this study, we include 155 xyleborine species representing 23 genera in parsimony and Bayesian analyses using 3925 nucleotides from mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear genomes (28S, ArgK, CAD, EF-1a) and 39 morphological characters. The phylogenies resulting from the parsimony analyses, which treated gap positions either as missing or fifth character states, and the Bayesian analysis were generally similar. Clades with high support or posterior probabilities were found in all trees, while those with low support were not recovered by all analyses. Fourteen of the 23 genera were monophyletic although not all relationships among the genera were resolved. We show monophyly of several species groups associated with particular morphological and biological characters and suggest recognition of these groups as genera. Most interesting was the monophyly of South and Central American species representing several genera. This finding suggests recent and fast radiation of xyleborines in the New World accompanied by morphological and biological diversification.},
	keywords = {Xyleborini},
	isbn = {0300-3256},
	author = {Cognato, Anthony I. and Hulcr, Jiri and Dole, Stephanie A. and Jordal, Bjarte H.}
}
@article {4938,
	title = {First record of the black twig borer Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Europe},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {3251},
	year = {2012},
	month = {30 Mar},
	pages = {64-68},
	abstract = {During winter months and early spring 2011, we observed symptoms of scattered twig mortality in two historical woody urban parks of Campania (Southern Italy), at Portici (Parco Gussone: 40[degree]48[minute] N, 14[degree]20[minute] E) and Naples (Parco di Capodimonte: 40[degree]52[minute] N, 14[degree]15[minute] E). The woods consist of mature holm oaks (Quercus ilex) with an understorey of evergreen Mediterranean shrubs, natural regeneration of oak and several ornamental species. The examined dry terminals of holm oak, collected in late March 2011, hosted adult females of an ambrosia beetle of the genus Xylosandrus Reitter. Here, we report the first European record of the black twig borer (BTB) Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) reproducing on new host plants in Italy. Insect and twig sampling was conducted irregularly during spring and summer 2011. Infested twigs of different host plants were isolated in plastic tubes, new emerged or callow adults counted and sexed and other biological data recorded. Hundreds of specimens of BTB, (>700 females and 43 males) emerged from sampled twigs or were directly collected from reproductive galleries at both localities.},
	keywords = {Xylosandrus},
	isbn = {1175-5326; 1175-5334},
	url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2012/3251.html},
	author = {Garonna, Antonio P. and Dole, Stephanie A. and Saracino, Antonio and Mazzoleni, Stefano and Cristinzio, Gennaro}
}
