@article {13275,
	title = {Teratorhabditis synpapillata Sudhaus, 1985 (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) is an associate of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Nematology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {207-218},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Teratorhabditis synpapillata, originally described from cow dung in Bali, was isolated from the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, in Japan. Dauer juveniles were isolated from beneath the elytra of five specimens of R. ferrugineus that had emerged from a dead Canary Island date palm, Phoenix canariensis, in Kagoshima, Japan. The dauer juveniles were cultured on a NGM agar plate and the adult nematodes observed and measured with the aid of light microscopy. The full length of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) and D2/D3 expansion segment of the ribosomal large subunit (LSU) were sequenced for molecular identification. Based upon morphology, molecular profile and a hybridisation test, the nematode was confirmed as T. synpapillata. A comparison of morphology and morphometrics suggests that the only other nematode reported from R. ferrugineus (= {\textquoteright}Pelodera rhynchophori{\textquoteright}) is also conspecific with T. synpapillata. A phylogenetic analysis using SSU and LSU rRNA gene sequences fully resolves the relationships of four Teratorhabditis and six outgroup species and demonstrates a sister group relationship of T. synpapillata and T. palmarum, another associate of palm weevils.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Kanzaki, Natsumi and Abe, Fukiko and Giblin-Davis, Robin M. and Kiontke, Karin and Fitch, David H. A. and Hata, Kunihiko and Sone, Koichi}
}
@article {8894,
	title = {Isolation of yeasts from palm tissues damaged by the red palm weevil and their possible effect on the weevil overwintering},
	journal = {Mycoscience},
	volume = {51},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {May},
	pages = {215-223},
	abstract = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a tropical pest of palms that has recently invaded Japan, where winter temperatures fall below 0[degree]C. Because activities of the weevil at temperatures <13[degree]C are extremely limited, it appears difficult for them to overwinter in Japan. However, the temperature of palm tissues damaged by this weevil has been observed to be higher than air temperature. Here, we looked for the cause of this temperature increase. First, we measured the temperature of damaged palm tissues and showed it to be between 30[degree]C and 40[degree]C, even in winter. Next, we isolated yeasts from the body of weevils and infested palm tissues and obtained 36 yeast strains, mostly Candida tropicalis and C. ethanolica. Then, we analyzed the soluble sugar composition in palm tissues and found that it included glucose, sucrose, and fructose. Because at least C. tropicalis can ferment some of these sugars, the temperature increase may be attributed to fermentation of microbes, including yeasts.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1340-3540},
	author = {Abe, Fukiko and Ohkusu, Misako and Kubo, Tatsuya and Kawamoto, Susumu and Sone, Koichi and Hata, Kunihiko}
}
@article {8893,
	title = {Life history of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophtoridae), in southern Japan},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {92},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September},
	pages = {421-425},
	abstract = {We surveyed the life history of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), in southern Japan, including seasonal changes in the flight activity of adults and composition of R. ferrugineus in different developmental stages in a total of 17 infested Phoenix canariensis trees which were cut down in 2003-2005. The flight of adults began in Mar, showed some peaks in summer and autumn, and ceased in mid-Dec. Various stages of individuals inhabited infested R canariensis trees throughout the year. The composition of individuals at different stages in late fall was dependent on the resource (white intact tissue) availability in R canariensis trees. In R canariensis trees where considerable resource remained, all stages of larvae, pupae, and adults were found, whereas in palm trees with no resource, few young- and medium-stage larvae were observed. The temperature in the infested part of a palm trunk was 30[degree]C or higher even in winter. From these results, we view the life history of R. ferrugineus in southern Japan as follows: Adults emerge from host trees in spring and continue to attack host trees until late fall. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus grows even in winter if intact tissue remains at the peripheral part of trunks, and there may be 3 or 4 generations per year. A cold winter probably does not have any negative effects on successful colonization of R. ferrugineus in Japan.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Abe, Fukiko and Hata, Kunihiko and Sone, Koichi}
}
