@article {15145,
	title = {The role of vision in the host orientation behaviour of Hylobius warreni},
	journal = {Agricultural and Forest Entomology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {August},
	pages = {286-294},
	abstract = {1 Visual stimuli, often in combination with olfactory stimuli, are frequently important components of host selection by forest-dwelling phytophagous insects. 2 Warren root collar weevil Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a native insect in western Canada, where larvae feed primarily on lodgepole pine Pinus contorta and can girdle and kill young trees. This weevil is an emerging problem in areas heavily impacted by mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. 3 No olfactory attractants have been identified for this insect, making monitoring and management difficult. Thus, we investigated the role of vision in the host-finding behaviour of Warren root collar weevil in the absence of known olfactory cues. 4 We conducted three experiments in field enclosure plots aiming to characterize aspects of host-finding behaviour by adult Warren root collar weevil. 5 We found that both male and female weevils were readily attracted to vertical plastic silhouettes in the shape of a trunk, crown or tree at distances of less than 4 m. This pattern of attraction persisted over 2 years in two slightly different study designs. Blinding the insects removed their ability to orient to these silhouettes, indicating that host-finding behaviour has a strong visual component. The use of different colour trunks and crowns (black, white and green) did not change the patterns of attraction of the insects to the silhouettes. 6 Exploiting visual attraction in this walking insect may present a new management tool in forest protection strategies.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {1461-9555},
	author = {Machial, Laura A. and B.S. Lindgren and Aukema, Brian H.}
}
@article {14329,
	title = {The role of vision in the host orientation behaviour of Hylobius warreni},
	journal = {Agricultural and Forest Entomology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {August},
	pages = {286-294},
	abstract = {1 Visual stimuli, often in combination with olfactory stimuli, are frequently important components of host selection by forest-dwelling phytophagous insects. 2 Warren root collar weevil Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a native insect in western Canada, where larvae feed primarily on lodgepole pine Pinus contorta and can girdle and kill young trees. This weevil is an emerging problem in areas heavily impacted by mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. 3 No olfactory attractants have been identified for this insect, making monitoring and management difficult. Thus, we investigated the role of vision in the host-finding behaviour of Warren root collar weevil in the absence of known olfactory cues. 4 We conducted three experiments in field enclosure plots aiming to characterize aspects of host-finding behaviour by adult Warren root collar weevil. 5 We found that both male and female weevils were readily attracted to vertical plastic silhouettes in the shape of a trunk, crown or tree at distances of less than 4 m. This pattern of attraction persisted over 2 years in two slightly different study designs. Blinding the insects removed their ability to orient to these silhouettes, indicating that host-finding behaviour has a strong visual component. The use of different colour trunks and crowns (black, white and green) did not change the patterns of attraction of the insects to the silhouettes. 6 Exploiting visual attraction in this walking insect may present a new management tool in forest protection strategies.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {1461-9555},
	author = {Machial, Laura A. and B.S. Lindgren and Aukema, Brian H.}
}
@article {12583,
	title = {Successful colonization, reproduction, and new generation emergence in live interior hybrid spruce Picea engelmannii x glauca by mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	journal = {Agricultural and Forest Entomology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {February},
	pages = {83-89},
	abstract = {1 Although mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins are able to utilize most available Pinus spp. as hosts, successful colonization and reproduction in other hosts within the Pinaceae is rare.2 We observed successful reproduction of mountain pine beetle and emergence of new generation adults from interior hybrid spruce Picea engelmannii x glauca and compared a number of parameters related to colonization and reproductive success in spruce with nearby lodgepole pine Pinus contorta infested by mountain pine beetle.3 The results obtained indicate that reduced competition in spruce allowed mountain pine beetle parents that survived the colonization process to produce more offspring per pair than in more heavily-infested nearby pine.4 We also conducted an experiment in which 20 spruce and 20 lodgepole pines were baited with the aggregation pheromone of mountain pine beetle. Nineteen pines (95\%) and eight spruce (40\%) were attacked by mountain pine beetle, with eight (40\%) and three (15\%) mass-attacked, respectively.5 Successful attacks on nonhost trees during extreme epidemics may be one mechanism by which host shifts and subsequent speciation events have occurred in Dendroctonus spp. bark beetles.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {1461-9555},
	author = {Huber, Dezene P. W. and Aukema, Brian H. and Hodgkinson, Robert S. and B.S. Lindgren}
}
@article {9448,
	title = {The enemy of my enemy is still my enemy: competitors add to predator load of a tree-killing bark beetle},
	journal = {Agricultural and Forest Entomology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {November},
	pages = {411-421},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {1 The mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae is a major tree-killing bark beetle in North America. We evaluated how the subsequent arrival of a competing bark beetle Ips pini influences the arrival of predators and their impact on both species.2 The predators Temnochila chlorodia and Enoclerus sphegeus were strongly attracted to pheromones of D. ponderosae. By contrast, Enoclerus lecontei was mostly attracted to I. pini pheromones. The host compound myrcene synergized attraction of both D. ponderosae and E. sphegeus to the pheromone of D. ponderosae. However, it inhibited attraction of both I. pini and E. lecontei to I. pini{\textquoteright}s pheromone.3 Dendroctonus ponderosae were more attracted to trees than logs treated with its pheromones, whereas I. pini were more attracted to logs than trees treated with its pheromones. Some 78\% of T. chlorodia were captured at hosts baited with D. ponderosae pheromones, whereas 83\% of E. lecontei were captured at hosts baited with I. pini pheromones. We characterized the sequence of arrival to live trees baited with pheromones of D. ponderosae as: D. ponderosae, T. chlorodia, E. sphegeus, I. pini, E. lecontei.4 Various combinations of I. pini and predators were added to logs colonized by D. ponderosae in the above sequence of arrival observed in live trees baited with D. ponderosae aggregation pheromones. Ips pini reduced D. ponderosae adult brood production. However, the combination of I. pini and E. lecontei did not raise D. ponderosae brood production above that observed with only I. pini present. Similarly, the combination of I. pini and T. chlorodia did not reduce D. ponderosae brood production below that observed with I. pini alone. By contrast, the combination of I. pini, T. chlorodia and E. lecontei caused more brood loss to D. ponderosae than I. pini alone.5 Enoclerus lecontei did not reduce brood production by T. chlorodia, whereas T. chlorodia substantially reduced brood production by E. lecontei.6 Secondary bark beetles that exploit the resource created by primary tree-killing species exert negative effects through both competition and increased predator load. Implications to the population dynamics, ecology and evolution of tree-killing bark beetles are discussed.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae, Ips pini},
	isbn = {1461-9555},
	author = {Boone, Celia K. and Six, Diana L. and Raffa, Kenneth F.}
}
