@article {13935,
	title = {Drought-induced positive feedback in xylophagous insects: Easier invasion of Scots pine leading to greater investment in immunity of emerging individuals},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {270},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Apr 15},
	pages = {147-152},
	abstract = {We studied the infestation rate of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris by xylophagous insects in relation to distance from forest lakes in eastern Latvia, northern Europe. In summers of 2008 and 2009, we felled 72 pines of approximately 65 years age. Sections of the logs were incubated in insect emergence traps. The trees located near lakes were significantly less infested by xylophagous insects than those sampled at greater distances from the lakes. We also tested the ability of Tomicus piniperda, the most abundant species of xylophagous insects in our samples, to resist the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. The results show that beetles captured near lakes were more susceptible to the fungal infection than individuals sampled away from forest lakes, indicating that the beetles far from lakes afforded to invest more in immunity during the larval phase. During the warmest days in summer the mean maximum ambient temperature was 2.32 [degree]C lower near lakes than away from lakes. Since increased temperatures not only trigger drought stress, but may potentially also cause temperature-sensitive mortality of conifers, a warmer microclimate may lower resistance of pine trees to attacks of xylophagous beetles. In weakened trees, insects can invade more easily resulting in increased investment in immunity in bark- and wood-boring insects. This is the first demonstration of drought-induced positive feedback in xylophagous insects infesting Scots pine. Since bark beetles are common pests of conifers, our results may be important in forest pest management. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Tomicus piniperda},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Krams, Indrikis and Daukste, Janina and Kivleniece, Inese and Brumelis, Guntis and Cibulskis, Raimonds and Abolins-Abols, Mikus and Rantala, Markus J. and Mierauskas, Pranas and Krama, Tatjana}
}
@article {13736,
	title = {Do restoration fellings in protected forests increase the risk of bark beetle damages in adjacent forests? A case study from Fennoscandian boreal forest},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {255},
	number = {11},
	year = {2008},
	month = {June 15},
	pages = {3736-3743},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Gap fellings are used to promote multi-cohort structures and to restore other natural forest structures and processes in protected areas that have been altered by anthropogenic activities. Gaps and felled trees may also provide breeding material for species that in high numbers can cause significant tree mortality, growth reduction and consequent economic losses in surrounding production forests. In this study, the effect of restoration gap fellings on feeding intensity of Tomicus spp. (pine shoot beetles) was evaluated by counting fallen pine shoots at different distances from gaps in a protected area in eastern Finland. Gap fellings had a clear effect on the feeding intensity of the beetles. The average density of fallen shoots m-2 was 17 within a 10-m distance from gaps but decreased rapidly to around 4 at the distance of 50 m and beyond. The distance decay in shoot feeding is described well by the negative exponential models. Our results suggest that gap fellings have only a localized effect on shoot feeding by Tomicus in the forests surrounding the restoration gaps. In practical restoration, a buffer zone of 100-200 m around the gap fellings, as implemented here, is enough to minimize economically significant growth reduction in surrounding production forests. As shown in this study, restoration of natural forest structures and dynamics to protect biodiversity is not necessarily in conflict with forest hygiene objectives in production forests.},
	keywords = {Tomicus},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Komonen, Atte and Kouki, Jari}
}
@article {13486,
	title = {Stand characteristics and downed woody debris accumulations associated with a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak in Colorado},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {258},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	month = {20 August},
	pages = {641-649},
	abstract = {Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.)-dominated ecosystems in north-central Colorado are undergoing rapid and drastic changes associated with overstory tree mortality from a current mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak. To characterize stand characteristics and downed woody debris loads during the first 7 years of the outbreak, 221 plots (0.02 ha) were randomly established in infested and uninfested stands distributed across the Arapaho National Forest, Colorado. Mountain pine beetle initially attacked stands with higher lodgepole pine basal area, and lower density and basal area of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii [Parry]), and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. var. lasiocarpa) compared to uninfested plots. Mountain pine beetle-affected stands had reduced total and lodgepole pine stocking and quadratic mean diameter. The density and basal area of live overstory lodgepole declined by 62\% and 71\% in infested plots, respectively. The mean diameter of live lodgepole pine was 53\% lower than pre-outbreak in infested plots. Downed woody debris loads did not differ between uninfested plots and plots currently infested at the time of sampling to 3 or 4[long dash]7 years after initial infestation, but the projected downed coarse wood accumulations when 80\% of the mountain pine beetle-killed trees fall indicated a fourfold increase. Depth of the litter layer and maximum height of grass and herbaceous vegetation were greater 4[long dash]7 years after initial infestation compared to uninfested plots, though understory plant percent cover was not different. Seedling and sapling density of all species combined was higher in uninfested plots but there was no difference between infested and uninfested plots for lodgepole pine alone. For trees =2.5 cm in diameter at breast height, the density of live lodgepole pine trees in mountain pine beetle-affected stands was higher than Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and aspen, (Populus tremuloides Michx.), in diameter classes comprised of trees from 2.5 cm to 30 cm in diameter, suggesting that lodgepole pine will remain as a dominant overstory tree after the bark beetle outbreak.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Klutsch, Jennifer G. and Negron, Jose F. and Costello, Sheryl L. and Rhoades, Charles C. and West, Daniel R. and Popp, John and Caissie, Rick}
}
@article {13470,
	title = {Ponderosa pine mortality during a severe bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) outbreak in southern British Columbia and implications for wildlife habitat management},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {258},
	year = {2009},
	month = {December 14},
	pages = {S5-S14},
	abstract = {We examined the extent and severity of bark beetle (Dendroctonus sp.) attack in ponderosa pine forests in southern British Columbia using stand monitoring plots and forest insect overview survey data, and relate these results to vertebrate wildlife habitat conditions. Monitoring plots established in ponderosa pine stands in 2007 indicate overall mortality levels of 77.8\% for trees >7.5 cm dbh by 2008, with lower mortality rates for small stems in the 7.6-15 cm dbh range (53\%) and very high mortality (94.9\%) of large stems >30 cm dbh. Data from insect overview surveys indicated the attack was extensive and continues to expand. In the Kamloops district, 52,126 ha, or 36\% of the area with ponderosa pine as a component of the stand was attacked in 2007 alone, with many areas likely attacked in more than one year. The current bark beetle attack represents a strong "thinning from above" disturbance that is extensive and will have long-term consequences for canopy closure and overstory structure. These changes will have implications for species dependant on mature overstory trees or large snags for foraging and nesting, with effects greatest in pure stands of ponderosa pine. In mixed stands of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine mortality will likely enhance habitat for species dependent on mature or old forest structure by increasing levels of snags, downed wood and creating natural within-stand gaps and heterogeneity. An extensive natural disturbance like the current bark beetle outbreak, following the extensive harvesting in ponderosa pine forests between 1850 and 1950 may frustrate management attempts to provide future diverse habitat conditions for flora and fauna, and other commodities such as viewscapes, recreation and timber. Silvicultural interventions can facilitate the development of mature conditions in some pure stands of ponderosa pine where mature trees have been killed, and should be considered to reconcile current conditions with desired mid- and long-term habitat requirements. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Klenner, Walt and Arsenault, Andre}
}
@article {13302,
	title = {Quantifying spatio-temporal dispersion of bark beetle infestations in epidemic and non-epidemic conditions},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {262},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Aug 15},
	pages = {598-608},
	abstract = {Spatio-temporal dispersal of pest species such as bark beetles plays a key role in their population ecology and outbreak dynamics. Understanding the underlying patterns is crucial for applying appropriate management strategies. In contrast to most existing studies which focus on dispersing beetles, we analysed patches of killed trees resulting from bark beetle infestation. The study was based on a 22-year time series of annually captured colour-infrared (CIR) images of the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany), where Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) propagates undisturbed by human activity. Newly infested patches comprising at least 5 spruce trees were identified in every time step. This investigation of spatio-temporal spread of infestations primarily focused on (i) parameterizing the size and shape of infestation patches, (ii) modelling an infestation gradient and (iii) evaluating the risk of subsequent infestations on landscape scale. We developed a GIS-based distance ring approach to quantify the distance relation of subsequent infestations, including the distribution of potential hosts. Infestation spread was revealed to be strongly distance dependent, following an inverse power law function: on average 65\% of new infestations occurred within a 100 m radius of the previous year{\textquoteright}s infestations, and 95\% within 500 m. {\textquoteright}Distance{\textquoteright} proved to be a major determinant of I. typographus dispersal on the landscape scale in each time step of the 22-year series we investigated. Infestation distance thus describes the outcome of beetle dispersal very accurately. The time series showed two alternating periods of epidemic and non-epidemic infestation. These gradation stages did not affect the size and shape of infested patches, but epidemics correlated significantly with a higher percentage of infestations within short distances. Additionally, the resulting infestation risk is highly sensitive to the gradation stage, particularly within the first 100 m around source spots where it increases up to 30\%. Our study therefore contributes to a better understanding of the outbreak dynamics of I. typographus and suggests concentrating efficient bark beetle management on areas in the close vicinity of previous years{\textquoteright} infestations.},
	keywords = {Ips typographus},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Kautz, Markus and Dworschak, Kai and Gruppe, Axel and Schopf, Reinhard}
}
@article {13112,
	title = {Relationships between moisture, chemistry, and ignition of Pinus contorta needles during the early stages of mountain pine beetle attack},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {269},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Apr 1},
	pages = {52-59},
	abstract = {Very little is known about how foliar moisture and chemistry change after a mountain pine beetle attack and even less is known about how these intrinsic foliar characteristics alter foliage ignitability. Here, we examine the fuel characteristics and ignition potential of Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) foliage during the early stages of a mountain pine beetle attack. Foliar samples were taken periodically from multiple trees identified as green (healthy, unattacked), recently attacked, or red (dead). The fuel moisture content, chemical composition, and time to ignition of needles from each attack category were quantified. Foliar moisture contents varied by an order of magnitude between the attack categories and were lowest for red needles ([approximately]12\% on average), highest for green needles ([approximately]109\% on average), and most variable for needles of recently attacked trees. Dry matter proportions of fiber in the needles of attacked and red trees were nearly twice that of green needles. Starch and sugar levels were much lower in the needles of attacked and red trees than green trees. Crude fat contents also differed between the attack categories. Time to ignition was strongly related to time since beetle attack. Ignition times varied from as little as 11 s for red needles to 41 s for green needles. A combined model of foliar moisture content, fiber, and crude fat explained 92\% of the variation in the foliar time to ignition. Results show that decreased moisture contents and changes in foliar chemistry increase the foliar flammability of mountain pine beetle-attacked trees. This suggests that less heat would be required to ignite the foliage of attacked trees and thus crown fire potential may be higher in attacked stands as long as foliage is retained on the tree. Published by Elsevier B.V.},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Jolly, W. Matt and Parsons, Russell A. and Hadlow, Ann M. and Cohn, Greg M. and McAllister, Sara S. and Popp, John B. and Hubbard, Robert M. and Negron, Jose F.}
}
@article {13108,
	title = {Forest management and temporal effects on food abundance for a ground-foraging bird (Catharus guttatus)},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {258},
	number = {7},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September 15},
	pages = {1516-1527},
	abstract = {While food abundance is known to limit bird populations, few studies have simultaneously examined both temporal and habitat-related variation in food abundance for ground-foraging birds. We surveyed ground-dwelling arthropods throughout the breeding season and in three forest harvest types (clearcut, selection, and shelterwood stands managed for spruce, fir and hemlock) at the Penobscot Experimental Forest (PEF), Bradley, Maine, USA. Pitfall trapping during 2003 and 2004 was used to measure seasonal and habitat-related variation in abundance of ground-dwelling arthropod food items for hermit thrushes. Arthropods were sorted into relevant taxonomic and size class categories based on the known diet of hermit thrushes. Habitat variables included forest management type, stand-level structure and composition of tree species, and microhabitat measures in a 1 m2 area around the pitfall traps. We used redundancy analysis to find stand-level and microhabitat measures that best explained variation in arthropod abundance during 2004. The majority of arthropod captures comprised three groups: ants (Formicidae, 44\%), ground beetles (Carabidae, 13\%), and spiders (Araneae, 11\%). There was significant temporal variation in captures for many taxa. Notably, there were as many as six times more Araneae in early compared to late season samples suggesting the importance of Araneae to ground-foraging birds. Carabidae were more abundant in selection versus either shelterwood or clearcut stands on one sample date. Conversely, Formicidae and Curculionidae were more abundant in shelterwood plots on one and three sampling dates, respectively. Overall, our data provided little evidence that forest management type impacts arthropod food abundance, in stands 5-20 years post-harvest. Abundance of Carabidae was positively correlated with the number of softwoods less than 5 cm DBH and the number of hardwoods greater than 10 cm DBH, while abundance of Formicidae and Homopterans was negatively associated with these same measures. Several taxa were negatively associated with percent of the 1 m2 around the pitfall that was shaded, including Araneae, Carabidae, Formicidae, and Staphylinidae. These results suggest that less-shaded forest microhabitats are important areas of increased food abundance for ground-foraging birds, regardless of forest management type or tree composition. Consequently, forest managers seeking to maximize food abundance for ground-foraging birds in managed spruce-fir forests should consider retaining some large diameter hardwood trees and use management techniques that reduce forest floor shading.},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Johnston, Jason C. and Holberton, Rebecca L.}
}
@article {13093,
	title = {Fuels and fire behavior dynamics in bark beetle-attacked forests in Western North America and implications for fire management},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {275},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jul 1},
	pages = {23-34},
	abstract = {Declining forest health attributed to associations between extensive bark beetle-caused tree mortality, accumulations of hazardous fuels, wildfire, and climate change have catalyzed changes in forest health and wildfire protection policies of land management agencies. These changes subsequently prompted research to investigate the extent to which bark beetle-altered fuel complexes affect fire behavior. Although not yet rigorously quantified, the results of the investigations, in addition to a growing body of operational experience, indicate that predictable changes in surface, ladder and canopy fuel characteristics do occur over the course of a bark beetle rotation. Input of these changes in fuel characteristics into conventional fire behavior modeling systems can readily provide predictions of potential fire behavior, including the likelihood of crowning. However, several factors limit the direct application of these modeling systems in their current form and consequently, they may largely under predict fire potential in such stands. This presents a concern where extreme fire behavior involving both crowning and spotting coupled with flammable fuel conditions can pose serious challenges to incident management and threaten the safety of firefighters and the general public alike. In this paper, we review the nature and characteristics of bark beetle-altered fuel complexes in the conifer forests of the Interior West and the challenges of understanding the effects on extreme fire behavior, including the initiation and spread of crown fires. We also discuss how emerging fire management plans in the U.S. have begun to integrate wildfire management and other forest health objectives with the specific goal of achieving biodiversity and ecosystem resiliency while simultaneously reducing the existence of hazardous fuel complexes. [copyright] 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Jenkins, Michael J. and Page, Wesley G. and Hebertson, Elizabeth G. and Alexander, Martin E.}
}
@article {13091,
	title = {Bark beetles, fuels, fires and implications for forest management in the Intermountain West},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {254},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {January 15},
	pages = {16-34},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Bark beetle-caused tree mortality in conifer forests affects the quantity and quality of forest fuels and has long been assumed to increase fire hazard and potential fire behavior. In reality, bark beetles, and their effects on fuel accumulation, and subsequent fire hazard, are poorly understood. We extensively sampled fuels in three bark beetle-affected Intermountain conifer forests and compared these data to existing research on bark beetle/fuels/fire interactions within the context of the disturbance regime. Data were collected in endemic, epidemic and post-epidemic stands of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce. From these data, we evaluated the influence of bark beetle-caused tree mortality on various fuels characteristics over the course of a bark beetle rotation. The data showed that changes in fuels over time create periods where the potential for high intensity and/or severe fires increases or decreases. The net result of bark beetle epidemics was a substantial change in species composition and a highly altered fuels complex. Early in epidemics there is a net increase in the amount of fine surface fuels when compared to endemic stands. In post-epidemic stands large, dead, woody fuels, and live surface fuels dominate. We then discuss potential fire behavior in bark beetle-affected conifer fuels based on actual and simulated fuels data. Results indicated that for surface fires both rates of fire spread and fireline intensities were higher in the current epidemic stands than in the endemic stands. Rates of spread and fireline intensities were higher in epidemic stands due, however, to decreased vegetative sheltering and its effect on mid-flame wind speed, rather than changes in fuels. Passive crown fires were more likely in post-epidemic stands, but active crown fires were less likely due to decreased aerial fuel continuity. We also discuss the ecological effects of extreme fire behavior. Information is presented on managing forests to reduce the impact of bark beetle outbreaks and the interplay between management, bark beetle populations, fuels and fire hazard and behavior. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae, Dendroctonus pseudotosugae, Dendroctonus rufipennis},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Jenkins, Michael J. and Hebertson, Elizabeth and Page, Wesley and Jorgensen, C. Arik}
}
@article {12357,
	title = {Effects of bark beetle-caused tree mortality on wildfire},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {271},
	year = {2012},
	month = {May 1},
	pages = {81-90},
	abstract = {Millions of trees killed by bark beetles in western North America have raised concerns about subsequent wildfire, but studies have reported a range of conclusions, often seemingly contradictory, about effects on fuels and wildfire. In this study, we reviewed and synthesized the published literature on modifications to fuels and fire characteristics following beetle-caused tree mortality. We found 39 studies addressing this topic with a variety of methods including fuels measurements, fire behavior simulations, an experiment, and observations of fire occurrence, severity, or frequency. From these publications, we developed a conceptual framework describing expected changes of fuels and fire behavior. Some characteristics of fuels and fire are enhanced following outbreaks and others are unchanged or diminished, with time since outbreak a key factor influencing changes. We also quantified areas of higher and lower confidence in our framework based on the number of studies addressing a particular area as well as agreement among studies. The published literature agrees about responses in many conditions, including fuels measurements and changes in stands with longer times since outbreak, and so we assigned higher confidence to our conceptual framework for these conditions. Disagreement or gaps in knowledge exist in several conditions, particularly in early postoutbreak phases and crown fire behavior responses, leading to low confidence in our framework in these areas and highlighting the need for future research. Our findings resolved some of the controversy about effects of bark beetles on fire through more specificity about time since outbreak and fuels or fire characteristic. Recognition of the type of study question was also important in resolving controversy: some publications assessed whether beetle-caused tree mortality caused differences relative to unattacked locations, whereas other publications assessed differences relative to other drivers of wildfire such as climate. However, some disagreement among studies remained. Given the large areas of recent bark beetle and wildfire disturbances and expected effects of climate change, land and fire managers need more confidence in key areas when making decisions about treatments to reduce future fire hazard and when fighting fires. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Hicke, Jeffrey A. and Johnson, Morris C. and Jane, L. Hayes D. and Preisler, Haiganoush K.}
}
@article {11984,
	title = {Factors influencing pine engraver (Ips pini Say) colonization of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws.) slash in Northern Arizona},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {255},
	number = {8-9},
	year = {2008},
	month = {15 May},
	pages = {3541-3548},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Thinning projects have increased in recent years to reduce standing fuels and fire hazard within the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) and to improve general forest conditions through forest health restoration treatments. As a consequence, large volumes of thinning slash have been generated, increasing the potential for growth of bark beetle (Ips spp.) populations. Because slash can initiate outbreaks in standing trees, a critical examination of slash management guidelines is needed to minimize bark beetle impacts associated with thinning treatments. Specifically, we examined effects of season of slash cutting, sunlight intensity (stand density) and log size on pine engraver (Ips pini Say) reproduction in North-central Arizona, USA. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl ex. Laws.) trees were felled and cut to 16 sizes (diameters of 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm and lengths of 15, 30, 45, and 60 cm) in October, January, April and July, for 2 years. The 16 logs of differing size were placed in groups in overstory stand densities of 5, 14, and 27.5 m2/ha (representing high, partial, and low sunlight levels). Response variables included attack density, emergence density, and beetle population growth rate. Log length had a positive relationship with both attack and emergence density. Log diameter had a significant effect on attack and emergence density, with a preference shown for intermediate diameter bolts. During a year with above average winter precipitation, cutting date and the interaction of cutting date and light level had significant effects on attack density. Fewer beetles attacked both bolts that had been exposed for longer periods of time and logs exposed to high sunlight levels. Cutting date, and the interaction of cutting date and light level, influenced emergence density, but light level alone did not. Emergence density was lowest in spring-cut logs in both years. Cutting date also had an effect on beetle population growth rate, with fall-cut logs having the highest population growth, while light level had no effect. Extended time-since-cutting (e.g. fall cutting), high light levels and small log diameter did not consistently cause reductions in beetle attack and reproductive performance as was hypothesized. Implications of these results for slash management guidelines are discussed.},
	keywords = {Ips pini},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Hayes, Christopher J. and DeGomez, Tom E. and McMillin, Joel D. and Anhold, John A. and Hofstetter, Richard W.}
}
@article {10899,
	title = {Assessing forest vulnerability and the potential distribution of pine beetles under current and future climate scenarios in the Interior West of the US},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {262},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Aug 1},
	pages = {307-316},
	abstract = {The aim of our study was to estimate forest vulnerability and potential distribution of three bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) under current and projected climate conditions for 2020 and 2050. Our study focused on the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis), and pine engraver (Ips pini). This study was conducted across eight states in the Interior West of the US covering approximately 2.2 million km2 and encompassing about 95\% of the Rocky Mountains in the contiguous US. Our analyses relied on aerial surveys of bark beetle outbreaks that occurred between 1991 and 2008. Occurrence points for each species were generated within polygons created from the aerial surveys. Current and projected climate scenarios were acquired from the WorldClim database and represented by 19 bioclimatic variables. We used Maxent modeling technique fit with occurrence points and current climate data to model potential beetle distributions and forest vulnerability. Three available climate models, each having two emission scenarios, were modeled independently and results averaged to produce two predictions for 2020 and two predictions for 2050 for each analysis. Environmental parameters defined by current climate models were then used to predict conditions under future climate scenarios, and changes in different species{\textquoteright} ranges were calculated. Our results suggested that the potential distribution for bark beetles under current climate conditions is extensive, which coincides with infestation trends observed in the last decade. Our results predicted that suitable habitats for the mountain pine beetle and pine engraver beetle will stabilize or decrease under future climate conditions, while habitat for the western pine beetle will continue to increase over time. The greatest increase in habitat area was for the western pine beetle, where one climate model predicted a 27\% increase by 2050. In contrast, the predicted habitat of the mountain pine beetle from another climate model suggested a decrease in habitat areas as great as 46\% by 2050. Generally, 2020 and 2050 models that tested the three climate scenarios independently had similar trends, though one climate scenario for the western pine beetle produced contrasting results. Ranges for all three species of bark beetles shifted considerably geographically suggesting that some host species may become more vulnerable to beetle attack in the future, while others may have a reduced risk over time. [copyright]2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicomis, Dendroctonus ponderosae, Ips pini},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Evangelista, Paul H. and Kumar, Sunil and Stohlgren, Thomas J. and Young, Nicholas E.}
}
@article {10885,
	title = {Ips typographus (L.) attack on patches of felled trees: "wind-felled" vs. cut trees and the risk of subsequent mortality},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {255},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {March 20},
	pages = {1336-1341},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {According to the Finnish Forest Insect and Fungal Damage Prevention Act, groups of 20 or more damaged conifers should be removed from forests. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the risks involved in leaving groups of 20 damaged spruce trees in managed forests. We also tested the effect of felling technique (natural with some remaining root connections vs. cutting) and the influence of recent forest disturbance history on Ips typographus colonization, breeding success and consequential damage to living trees. We felled groups of 20 spruce trees in 16 stands in November 2003. Half of the experimental stands were situated in southern Finland, which were damaged by autumn storms in 2001. The other half of the experimental stands was in eastern Finland, which was not affected by the storms. In this study, subsequent tree mortality occurred in only two (both in the southern study area) of the 16 experimental stands. Neither the experimental area nor the felling treatment significantly affected tree mortality. The number of colonized felled spruce trees and the densities of egg galleries in felled trees were significantly higher in the southern study area. This result indicates that population levels in the southern area were higher than in the eastern area-probably as a consequence of the autumn storms in 2001. Interestingly, there was also a significant interaction between the felling treatment and the study area, explaining the density of egg galleries in felled spruce trees. The results indicate that the population density of I. typographus affects the colonization process of felled trees, as the response to the felling treatment differed between study areas. Although there were differences in egg gallery densities, no significant differences in offspring production were found either between areas or between felling treatments.},
	keywords = {Ips typographus},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Eriksson, Mikka and Neuvonen, Seppo and Roininen, Heikki}
}
@article {10839,
	title = {Restoration of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata)-hardwood ecosystems severely impacted by the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis)},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {274},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jun 15},
	pages = {181-200},
	abstract = {In the Southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern USA, pine-hardwood ecosystems have been severely impacted by the interactions of past land use, fire exclusion, drought, and southern pine beetle (SPB, Dendroctonus frontalis). We examined the effects of restoration treatments: burn only (BURN); cut + burn on dry sites (DC + B); cut + burn on sub-mesic sites (MC + B); and reference sites (REF; no cutting or burning) on shortleaf pine-hardwood forests. We also evaluated the effectiveness of seeding native bluestem grasses. Structural (down wood, live and dead standing trees, shrubs, herbaceous layer) and functional (forest floor mass, C, and N; soil C, N, P. and cations; and soil solution N and P) attributes were measured before and the first and second growing seasons after treatment. We used path analysis to test our conceptual model that restoration treatments will have direct and indirect effects on these ecosystems. Total aboveground mass loss ranged from 24.33 Mg ha-1 on the BURN to 74.44 Mg ha-1 on the DC + B treatment; whereas, REF gained 13.68 Mg ha-1 between pre-burn and post-burn. Only DC + B sites had increased soil NO3-N, NH4-N Ca, Mg, and PO4-P and soil solution NO3-N, NH4-N, O-PO4 for several months. We found a significant increase in the density of oak species (Quercus alba, Q. coccinea, Q. montana, Q. rubra, and Q. velutina) on all burn treatments. However, oaks accounted for a smaller proportion of the total stem density than red maple, other tree species, and shrubs. The high densities of woody species other than oaks, coupled with the fast growth rates of some of these species, suggests that oaks will continue to be at a competitive disadvantage in these pine-hardwood communities through time, without further intervention. Pine regeneration was not improved on any of our burned sites with little to no recruitment of pines into the understory after two years and the pine saplings that were present before the burns were killed by fire on all sites. We found an increase in herbaceous layer cover and richness on all fire treatments. DC + B had higher bluestem grass cover than the other treatments, and it was the only treatment with increased bluestem grass cover between the first (2.96\%, SE = 0.29) and second (6.88\%, SE = 0.70) growing seasons. Our path model showed that fire severity explained a large proportion of the variation in overstory response; and fire severity and overstory response partially explained soil NO3-N. These variables, directly and indirectly, explained 64\% of the variation in soil solution NO3-N at 30 cm soil depth (within the rooting zone for most plants). We found a good-fit path model for herbaceous layer response in the second growing season, where fire severity had direct effects on overstory and herbaceous layer responses and indirect effects on herbaceous layer response mediated through overstory response. Our path model explained 46\% and 42\% of the variation in herbaceous layer cover and species richness, respectively. Published by Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus frontalis},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Elliott, Katherine J. and Vose, James M. and Knoepp, Jennifer D. and Clinton, Barton D.}
}
@article {10808,
	title = {Woodpeckers increase in abundance but maintain fecundity in response to an outbreak of mountain pine bark beetles},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {261},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan 15},
	pages = {203-210},
	abstract = {Many temperate woodpecker species are thought to be highly conservative in their fecundity with little response to fluctuations in availability of resources. In a 15-year field study in interior British Columbia, we evaluated responses in abundance and fecundity of six species of resident and migrant woodpeckers (downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus), American three-toed woodpecker (Picoides dorsalis), pileated woodpecker (Drycopus pileatus), northern flicker (Colaptes auratus), and red-naped sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis)) to a large-scale outbreak of mountain pine bark beetles that resulted in a strong positive pulse in food supply. Population densities of woodpecker species increased during outbreak years. Despite the year-round multi-annual increase in food resources, and in contrast to the strong increases in fecundity shown by nuthatches and chickadees, annual fecundity (as indicated by clutch size and number of nestlings that fledged) did not change for any woodpecker species over the study. Similarly, we found no changes in fecundity in response to selective forest harvesting despite numerical increases for woodpeckers at these sites. Our study confirms that these woodpecker species are conservative in their reproductive investment patterns even during strong multi-annual increases in food. Our findings indicate woodpecker populations are regulated numerically through variable survival and/or greater immigration rates, which can result in higher breeding densities temporarily during resource pulses. [copyright]2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Edworthy, Amanda B. and Drever, Mark C. and Martin, Kathy}
}
@article {10778,
	title = {Southern pine beetle regional outbreaks modeled on landscape, climate and infestation history},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {261},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {February 1},
	pages = {473-479},
	abstract = {The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis, SPB) is the major insect pest of pine species in the southeastern United States. It attains outbreak population levels sufficient to mass attack host pines across the landscape at scales ranging from a single forest stand to interstate epidemics. This county level analysis selected and examined the best climatic and landscape variables for predicting infestations at regional scales. The analysis showed that, for a given county, the most important factor in predicting outbreaks was that the county was classified as in outbreak status in the previous year. Other important factors included minimum winter temperature and the greatest difference between the average of daily minimums and a subsequent low temperature point, precipitation history either seasonally in the previous year or difference from average over the previous 2 years, the synchronizing effect of seasonal temperatures on beetle populations and the relative percentage of total forest area composed of host species. The statistical models showed that climatic variables are stronger indicators of outbreak likelihood than landscape structure and cover variables. Average climatic conditions were more likely to lead to outbreaks than extreme conditions, supporting the notion of coupling between a native insect and its native host. Still, some extreme events (i.e., periods of very low temperature or very high precipitation) did precede beetle infestation. This analysis suggested that there are predisposing and inciting factors at the large scale but the driving factors leading to individual infestations operate at smaller scales.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus frontalis},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Duehl, Adrian J. and Koch, Frank H. and Hain, Fred P.}
}
@article {10776,
	title = {Response of woodpeckers to changes in forest health and harvest: Implications for conservation of avian biodiversity},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {259},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Feb 20},
	pages = {958-966},
	abstract = {Woodpeckers (family Picidae) merit specific monitoring and management efforts, both as keystone/facilitator species and as indicators of forest condition. Recent studies indicated that species richness of woodpeckers was correlated with richness of all forest birds, thus suggesting potential exists for management practices that can address needs of woodpeckers in particular and other forest birds in general. We used data from a long-term study (1995-2008) from forest sites in the interior of British Columbia to evaluate how abundances of seven woodpecker species varied with habitat variables previously identified as associated with forest bird richness. We found that tree species richness had either a neutral or positive effect on the abundance of all woodpecker species, whereas abundances of most woodpecker species tended to be lower in stands with high densities of lodgepole pine. Abundances of most woodpecker species were positively correlated with density of beetle-killed pines. Relative to control sites, higher densities of most woodpecker species were found at harvested sites where most trembling aspen and large Douglas-fir trees had been retained. Therefore, management strategies that favour a mixture of tree species, with particular attention to retention of aspen, should safeguard populations of most woodpecker species. Abundances of individual woodpecker species were weakly but positively inter-correlated before the beetle outbreak, and less so during and post-outbreak. It thus appears that no strong trade-offs exist among woodpecker species. These results, combined with previously identified positive correlations between woodpecker and forest bird richness, indicate woodpeckers can be managed as a suite for the purpose of managing avian biodiversity as a whole. Crown Copyright [copyright] 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Drever, Mark C. and Martin, Kathy}
}
@article {10753,
	title = {Effects of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) infestations on forest stand structure in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {255},
	number = {10},
	year = {2008},
	month = {May 30},
	pages = {3563-3570},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Forests in the montane and lower subalpine ecoregions of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains may have been more open and structurally diverse at the beginning of the 20th Century than today. Today, the area of mature Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia Dougl. forest that is conducive to mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) infestations, infrequent high severity fires, and herbivory appears to have increased in Banff and Kootenay National Parks. Based on a review of the literature, we hypothesised that MPB infestations increase forest stand structural diversity and tree species diversity. Stand structure parameters were investigated in mesic montane and lower subalpine stands approximately 15, 25, and 65 years after MPB outbreaks. Parameters measured were stand density (number of trees per ha), diameter at breast height, height class, species, age class distribution, and coarse woody debris mass. Influences of fire frequency, time since fire, and fire severity on these parameters were assessed to determine whether fire history had a confounding influence on stand structure. The Shannon-Wiener index indicated higher stand structural diversity 15 years but not 25 and 65 years after MPB infestations. MPB infestations led to general decreases within stands in the number of living trees, small diameter snags, and Pinus tree species and an increase within stands in the number of large diameter snags. Management that allows the occurrence of the natural fire regime of variable severity fires, in addition to some MPB infestations, would provide for more open and diverse stands. MPB infestations have some effects on stand structure that are similar to those of fire. Changes in stand structure resulting from recent declines in burning rates within Banff and Kootenay National Parks can be reversed to some extent by MPB infestations. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Dordel, Julia and Feller, M. C. and Simard, Suzanne W.}
}
@article {10702,
	title = {Evict of infect? Managing populations of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis, using a bottom-up and top-down approach},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {255},
	number = {7},
	year = {2008},
	month = {April 20},
	pages = {2634-2642},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hylobius abietis is the most important pest of replanted coniferous sites in Northern Europe, where feeding by adult weevils can result in up to 100\% mortality of seedlings. Field trials were conducted with the aim of reducing H. abietis populations developing in Sitka spruce stumps by increasing pressure from natural enemies (top-down pressure), and reducing the quality of stumps for development (bottom-up pressure). Top-down pressure was applied through inundative treatment of stumps with entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis downesi or Steinernema carpocapsae). Bottom-up pressure was applied by treating stumps with the wood colonising fungus Trichoderma koningii. Natural levels of parasitism of H. abietis by the parasitoid Bracon hylobii and the effect of applied agents on B. hylobii were also investigated. Heterorhabditis downesi parasitised more immature weevils than S. carpocapsae, and significantly reduced numbers of adults emerging from stumps compared to controls. Entomopathogenic nematodes did not significantly impact on populations of B. hylobii, and over three sites the effects of both agents were additive. Stumps modified by application of the fungus (bottom-up pressure) did not have fewer H. abietis developing in, or emerging from them; however, development of H. abietis was more advanced in these stumps, and the success of natural enemies was differentially affected. T. koningii facilitated B. hylobii while having the opposite effect on entomopathogenic nematodes, suggesting that it affected the outcome of competition between the nematodes and the parasitoid.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Dillon, Aoife B. and Moore, Colm P. and Downes, Martin J. and Griffin, Christine T.}
}
@article {10674,
	title = {Disturbance, structure, and composition: spruce beetle and Engelmann spruce forests on the Markagunt Plateau, Utah},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {244},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {June 15},
	pages = {16-23},
	abstract = {In the 1990s a spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) outbreak killed nearly all canopy Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) across the Markagunt Plateau, southern Utah, USA. We quantified attributes of the forest before and after the spruce beetle outbreak, including tree ages, structure and composition on three sites. Greater than 99\% of the Engelmann spruce measured in this study were dead and 93\% of those died as a result of the beetle outbreak. Age structure analysis revealed each site had originally regenerated from a different antecedent disturbance, and not from a single, landscape-wide event comparable to the recent spruce beetle outbreak. Profound structural and compositional changes from spruce dominance to subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), aspen (Populus tremuloides), or limber pine (Pinus flexilis) were found. No site was resistant to the spruce beetle and post-outbreak forest composition suggested that the response to the disturbance is at least partially due to species diversity. We suggest short-term (decades) system response will tend toward structures similar to pre-outbreak conditions however, composition will differ. Sparse Engelmann spruce regeneration (6\% of understory trees <5 cm diameter at breast height) compared with subalpine fir (62\%) and aspen (32\%) will likely preclude spruce from dominance for many decades. Long-term (centuries) forest reorganization will tend toward structures similar to the pre-outbreak system (i.e. forest); however, dominance by Engelmann spruce will likely take longer.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus rufipennis},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {DeRose, R. Justin and Long, James N.}
}
@article {9842,
	title = {Effects of prescribed fire and other plant community restoration treatments on tree mortality, bark beetles, and other saproxylic Coleoptera of longleaf pine, Pinus palustris Mill., on the coastal plain of Alabama},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {254},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {January 25},
	pages = {134-144},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Treatments to restore understory plant communities of mature (50[long dash]80-year old) longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) and reduce risks of wildfire were applied to 10 ha plots that had a substantial shrub layer due to lack of fire. Plots were located in the Coastal Plain of Alabama and treatments consisted of: (1) untreated control, (2) growing season prescribed burn, (3) thin only, (4) thin plus growing season burn, and (5) herbicide plus growing season burn. Thin plus burn plots had significantly higher tree mortality compared to burn only and control plots and, overall, fire was the primary cause of tree death. Most tree mortality occurred within 1-year of treatment. From 2002 to 2004, we captured 75,598 Coleoptera in multiple funnel traps comprising 17 families and 130 species. Abundance of all Coleoptera combined was not different among treatments. Species richness was significantly higher on thin plus burn plots compared to thin only and control plots. Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were more abundant on thin plus burn plots compared to control plots in fall 2002 but in fall 2003 they were more abundant on thin plus burn, thin only, and herbicide plus burn compared to controls. Among Scolytinae, Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier), Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg), Xyleborus sp. 3, and Hylastes tenuis (Eichhoff), showed varying responses to the treatments. Other Curculionidae were significantly more abundant on thin only and herbicide plus burn plots compared to all other treatments in spring 2003 and in spring 2004 they were more abundant on herbicide plus burn plots compared to thin plus burn treatments. Among Cerambycidae, Xylotrechus sagittatus (Germar) was higher in abundance in fall 2003 on thin plus burn plots compared to all other treatments except herbicide plus burn plots. Within the predator complex, Trogositidae were higher on thin plus burn plots compared to all other treatments except thin only plots in spring 2003, and Cleridae abundance was higher in spring 2004 on burn only plots compared to all other treatments. Linear regression analyses of dead trees per plot versus various Coleoptera showed captures of Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Trogositidae, Acanthocinus nodosus (Fabricius), Temnochila virescens (Fabricius), and X. saxeseni increased with increasing number of dead trees. Our results show that the restoration treatments tested did not cause increased bark beetle-related tree mortality and they did not negatively affect populations of early successional saproxylic beetle fauna.},
	keywords = {Scolytinae},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Campbell, Joshua W. and Hanula, James L. and Outcalt, Kenneth W.}
}
@article {9625,
	title = {Abundance and pest classification of scolytid species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) follow different patterns},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {262},
	number = {9},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Nov 1},
	pages = {1887-1894},
	abstract = {Scolytids have been studied more than any other group of forest insects, but most investigations have been restricted to only a few pest species. This bias hampers our understanding of variation in abundance and pest status. Even the simple question whether the abundance of scolytids can predicted by the same independent variables as their pest status is still a matter of debate. To explore this issue, we estimated their abundance using non-attracting flight-interception traps set in a wide range of forests across Czech Republic, Germany, and France. Pest status was taken from current literature. As independent variables, we considered host range, host abundance, and several traits of the considered species in linear models using generalized least squares with a correlation structure derived from the phylogenetic tree of the beetles. Host range was calculated as the root phylogenetic diversity index. The variation in the abundance across scolytids was well explained by resource-related parameters (R2 = 0.53). In contrast to abundance, the pest status was significantly related to species-specific traits, such as body size and maximum number of generations. However, the explained variance was much lower (R2 = 0.19). Although our analysis showed that abundance and pest score follow different patterns, we stress the importance of monitoring all species using non-selective traps. Considering the increasing global trade and the rapidly changing climate, such a broad ecological monitoring is necessary to detect new interactions and/or invading species that may influence our forests ecosystems.},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Bussler, Heinz and Bouget, Christophe and Brustel, Herve and Brandle, Martin and Riedinger, Verena and Brandl, Roland and Mueller, Joerg}
}
@article {9590,
	title = {Holocene records of Dendroctonus bark beetles in high elevation pine forests of Idaho and Montana, USA},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {255},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {March 20},
	pages = {836-846},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Paleoecological reconstructions from two lakes in the U.S. northern Rocky Mountain region of Idaho and Montana revealed the presence of bark beetle elytra and head capsules (cf. Dendroctonus spp., most likely D. ponderosae, mountain pine beetle). Occurrence of these macrofossils during the period of time associated with the 1920/1930 a.d. mountain pine beetle outbreak at Baker Lake, Montana suggest that when beetle populations reach epidemic levels, beetle remains may be found in the lake sediments. In addition to the beetle remains found at Baker Lake during the 20th century, remains were also identified from ca. 8331, 8410, and 8529 cal yr BP. At Hoodoo Lake, Idaho remains were found at ca. 7954 and 8163 cal yr BP. These Holocene records suggest the infestations occurred during a period when climate changed rapidly to cooler and effectively wetter than present in forests dominated by whitebark pine. These two lake records provide the first preliminary data for understanding the long-term history of climatic influences on Dendroctonus bark beetle activity, which may be useful for predicting climate and stand conditions when mountain pine beetle activity occurs.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Brunelle, Andrea and Rehfeldt, Gerald E. and Bentz, Barbara and Munson, A. Steven}
}
@article {9444,
	title = {Multi-scale nest-site selection by black-backed woodpeckers in outbreaks of mountain pine beetles},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {259},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {December 15},
	pages = {220-228},
	abstract = {Areas of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreaks in the Black Hills can provide habitat for black-backed woodpeckers (Picoides arcticus), a U.S. Forest Service, Region 2 Sensitive Species. These outbreaks are managed through removal of trees infested with mountain pine beetles to control mountain pine beetle populations and salvage timber resources. To minimize impacts to black-backed woodpeckers while meeting management objectives, there is a need to identify characteristics of these areas that support black-backed woodpeckers. We examined the habitat associations of this species nesting in areas of beetle outbreaks in the Black Hills, South Dakota in 2004 and 2005. We used an information theoretic approach and discrete choice models to evaluate nest-site selection of 42 woodpecker nests at 3 spatial scales-territory, nest area, and nest tree. At the territory scale (250 m around nest), availability and distribution of food best explained black-backed woodpecker selection of beetle outbreaks versus the surrounding forest. Selection at the territory scale was positively associated with densities of trees currently infested by mountain pine beetles and indices of wood borer (Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) abundance, and was greatest at distances of 50-100 m from the nearest patch of infestation. At the nest-area scale (12.5 m radius around the nest), densities of snags positively influenced nest-area selection. Finally, at the nest-tree scale, aspen (Populus tremuloides) and 3-5-year-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) snags were important resources. The association between abundant wood-boring insects and black-backed woodpeckers creates a difficult challenge for forest managers. In the absence of fire, areas of beetle outbreak might serve as the only substantial source of habitat in the Black Hills. Regulating insect populations via salvage logging will reduce key food resources to black-backed woodpeckers during nesting. Therefore, given the relatively infrequent occurrence of large-scale fire in the Black Hills, management should recognize the importance of beetle-killed forests to the long-term viability of the black-backed woodpecker population in the Black Hills. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Bonnot, Thomas W. and Millspaugh, Joshua J. and Rumble, Mark A.}
}
@article {9402,
	title = {Can predicted mountain pine beetle net production be used to improve stand prioritization for management?},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {257},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {January 20},
	pages = {233-237},
	abstract = {Stand-level planning of lodgepole pine management can benefit from the use of mountain pine beetle susceptibility-riskmodel analyses to assign treatment priority. Priority is currently assigned based solely on relative levels of expected volume loss in the event of a mountain pine beetle outbreak.We evaluated the possibility to predict the relative contribution of brood beetles, by infested stands, to the next beetle generation. Existing data were used to develop generalized parameters for inclusion in predictive models of stand-level mortality and brood production. Model output for independent stands achieved a highly significant relationship with measured outcomes of brood productivity, indicating that relative levels of brood production can be predicted and incorporated into decision-models.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Bjorklund, Niklas and B.S. Lindgren and Shore, Terry L. and Cudmore, Tim}
}
@article {9374,
	title = {Colonisation of native and exotic conifers by indigenous bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in France},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {258},
	number = {7},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September 15},
	pages = {1619-1628},
	abstract = {Planting exotic conifers offers indigenous forest insects an opportunity to extend their host range and eventually to become significant pests. Knowing the ecological and evolutionary modalities driving the colonisation of exotic tree species by indigenous insects is thus of primary importance. We compared the bark beetle communities (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) associated with both native and introduced conifers in France. The aim of our study was to estimate the influence of both host- and insect-related factors on the beetles{\textquoteright} likelihood to shift onto new hosts. We considered the influence of host origin (i.e. native vs. exotic), host tree species identity, tree bark thickness and tree taxonomic proximity, as well as insects{\textquoteright} host specificity. A field inventory using trap trees was carried out in two regions in France (Limousin and Jura) during two consecutive years (2006 and 2007) on three European native conifer species [Norway spruce (Picea abies); Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and European Silver-fir (Abies alba)] and five North American [Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis); Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus); Grand fir (Abies grandis); Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)]. A total of 18 indigenous and 2 exotic bark beetle species were collected. All exotic conifer species were colonised by indigenous bark beetle species and no significant difference was observed of the cumulated species richness of the latter between native and exotic tree species (13 vs. 14, P < 0.05). The ability of indigenous bark beetles to shift onto exotic conifers appeared to strongly depend on host species (significantly structuring bark beetle assemblages), the presence of phylogenetically related native conifer species and that of similar resources, in combination with insect host specificity. Host tree species status (native or exotic) also seemed to be involved, but its effect did not seem as essential as that of the previous factors. These findings are discussed in terms of adaptation, plasticity and practical aspects of forest management.},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Bertheau, Coralie and Salle, Aurelien and Rossi, Jean-Pierre and Bankhead-Dronnet, Stephanie and Pineau, Xavier and Roux-Morabito, Geraldine and Lieutier, Francois}
}
@article {9166,
	title = {Short-term responses of ground-active beetles to alternative silvicultural systems in the Warra silvicultural systems trial, Tasmania, Australia},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {258},
	number = {4},
	year = {2009},
	month = {July 30},
	pages = {444-459},
	abstract = {The Warra Silvicultural Systems Trial (SST) in Tasmania, Australia provides a framework for investigating the responses of beetles (Order: Coleoptera) to three alternative systems in lowland wet eucalypt forest: aggregated retention; dispersed retention; and understorey islands retained in clearfelled areas. Beetles from three families known to be sensitive to forest management, the families Carabidae (ground-beetles), Curculionidae (weevils) and Leiodidae (fungus-beetles), were collected with pitfall traps prior to harvest, and in the first and third years post-harvest. The retained aggregates in the aggregated retention system maintained beetle assemblages reasonably typical of mature forests, at least in these early years following harvesting. These aggregates appear to provide a stable habitat, with similar species composition in the first and third years post-harvest. In contrast, the harvested areas of the aggregated retention system contained low numbers of beetle species affiliated with mature forest, as did the understorey islands and the dispersed retention system. Relative to clearfelling, all alternative silvicultural systems appeared to be of some benefit to beetles affiliated with mature forest, but aggregated retention retained far greater numbers of these beetles compared to the other systems in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forest.},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Baker, Susan C. and Grove, Simon J. and Forster, Lynne and Bonham, Kevin J. and Bashford, Dick}
}
@article {9162,
	title = {PHENIPS - A comprehensive phenology model of Ips typographus (L.) (Col., Scolytinae) as a tool for hazard rating of bark beetle infestation},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {249},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {September 30},
	pages = {171-186},
	abstract = {We developed the model PHENIPS for spatial and temporal simulation of the seasonal development of Ips typographus at the Kalkalpen National Park in Austria. The model is based on a digital elevation model used for interpolation of temperature and solar radiation to calculate the microclimatic conditions (bark temperature) for the beetles{\textquoteright} development. Additionally, the beetles{\textquoteright} phenology at Kalkalpen National Park was monitored along with air and bark temperature measurements. The onset of host tree infestation in spring was estimated using a lower threshold of 16.5 [degree]C for flight activity and a mean thermal sum of 140 degree-days (dd) from beginning of April 1st onward. Rate of brood development was calculated from accumulated degree-days of hourly temperature data using upper and lower temperature thresholds of 38.9 and 8.3 [degree]C, respectively, and a nonlinear function for calculating effective thermal sums. Re-emergence of parental beetles occurred at a time when 49.7\% of the thermal sum for total development (557 dd) was reached. The model includes the discontinuance of the beetle{\textquoteright}s reproductive activity at a day length 14.5 h. The rate of successful hibernation of established broods is predicted by assessing the developmental stage of initiated generations at the beginning of the cold period. For validation we compared the timing of phenological events in the field with predicted events using both, hourly recorded data at trap trees in the terrain and generated daily topoclimatic data. Using topoclimatic data, the onset of infestation was predicted with a mean absolute error of 1.3 days. The observed onset of emergence of filial beetles in the field was estimated with a mean error of 39 dd. Our PHENIPS explicitly considers the strong effects of regional topography and stand conditions on local air and bark temperature and can be used for precise monitoring of the actual state of bark beetle development at the specific stand/tree level. Using topoclimatic data, PHENIPS simulates the maximum number of generations which is necessary to assess the potential impact of bark beetle outbreaks at regional scale. Further applications of PHENIPS for site-specific hazard rating of bark beetle infestation are discussed. [copyright] 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved},
	keywords = {Ips typographus},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Baier, Peter and Pennerstorfer, Josef and Schopf, Axel}
}
@article {9115,
	title = {Predisposition to bark beetle attack by root herbivores and associated pathogens: roles in forest decline, gap formation, and persistence of endemic bark beetle populations},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {259},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {January 25},
	pages = {374-382},
	abstract = {Bark beetles are largely known for their ability to undergo intermittent population eruptions that transform entire landscapes and pose significant economic hardships. However, most species do not undergo outbreaks, and eruptive species usually exert only minor disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of tree-killing noneruptive species can provide insights into how beetles persist at low densities, and how some spatiotemporal patterns of host predisposition may more likely favor breaching eruptive thresholds than others. Elucidating mechanisms behind low-density populations is challenging, however, due to the requirement of long-term monitoring and high degrees of spatial and temporal covariance. We censused more than 2700 trees annually over 7 years, and at the end of 17 years, in a mature red pine plantation. Trees were measured for the presence of bark beetles and wood borers that breed within the primary stem, root weevils that breed in root collars, and bark beetles that breed in basal stems. We quantify the sequence of events that drive this decline syndrome, with the primary emergent pattern being an interaction between below- and above-ground herbivores and their fungal symbionts. This interaction results in an expanding forest gap, with subsequent colonization by early-successional vegetation. Spatial position strongly affects the likelihood of tree mortality. A red pine is initially very likely to avoid attack by tree-killing Ips beetles, but attack becomes increasingly likely as the belowground complex spreads to neighboring trees and eventually make trees susceptible. This system is largely internally driven, as there are strong gap edge, but not stand-edge, effects. Additional stressors, such as drought, can provide an intermittent source of susceptible trees to Ips beetles, and elevated temperature slightly accentuates this effect. New gaps can arise from such trees as they subsequently become epicenters for the full complex of organisms associated with this decline, but this is not common. As Ips populations rise, there is some element of positive feedback, in that the proportion of killed trees that were not first colonized by root organisms increases. This positive feedback is very weak, however, and we propose the slope between beetle population density and reliance on host stress as a quantitative distinction along a gradient from noneruptive through eruptive species. Almost all trees colonized by Ips were subsequently colonized by wood borers, likely a source of negative feedback. We discuss implications to our overall understanding of cross-scale interactions, between-guild interactions, forest declines, and eruptive thresholds. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Ips},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Aukema, Brian H. and Zhu, Jun and Moller, Jesper and Rasmussen, Jakob G. and Raffa, Kenneth F.}
}
@article {9107,
	title = {Recruitment limitation in forests: Lessons from an unprecedented mountain pine beetle epidemic},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {256},
	number = {10},
	year = {2008},
	month = {November 10},
	pages = {1743-1750},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Since the mid-1990s the forests of central British Columbia have undergone an unprecedented Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) (MPB) epidemic that has resulted in extensive mortality of canopy lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.). This study investigated how seed-source availability, seedbed substrate, overstory structure, and time since MPB attack interact to affect post-MPB seedling recruitment of the dominant tree species of these forests. In addition to post-MPB recruitment, these forests may be regenerated by trees established in the understory prior to MPB disturbance. Accordingly, we examined abundance and patterns of all regeneration less than 130 cm tall. We found post-MPB recruitment was sparse. Subalpine fir (Abies laciocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) comprised the majority of the post-MPB recruitment. It increased with local parent tree basal area and increased strongly with proximity to a major seed source. This resulted in a patchy distribution for subalpine fir post-MPB regeneration. Lodgepole pine post-MPB recruitment was limited by overstory shading. Recruitment of pine decreased as the total overstory basal area increased. Interior spruce (Picea glauca x engelmannii) post-MPB recruitment was similarly limited by total overstory basal area. Seedbed substrates were uniform and dominated by moss. Substrate type distribution did not change as time since MPB disturbance increased. The overall low post-MPB recruitment observed was likely due to a lack of disturbance to the moss-dominated forest floor. Moss is known to be a poor substrate in northern forests. The distribution of all regeneration less than 130 cm tall showed the same trends as the post-MPB regeneration. We believe the post-MPB seedling recruitment dynamics of these forests was not substantially changed from conditions prior to MPB disturbance. There was no pulse of regeneration up to 10 years post-MPB disturbance. Unless this changes, future stand structure will be dominated by the seedling bank established prior to the MPB epidemic. Subalpine fir dominated the seedling bank (68\%) and post-MPB recruitment (94\%). This suggests that MPB-disturbed forests are undergoing a substantial shift in landscape-level species composition. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Astrup, Rasmus and Coates, K. David and Hall, Erin}
}
@article {8482,
	title = {Predicting sapstain and degrade in fallen trees following storm damage in a Pinus radiata forest},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {260},
	number = {9},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Sep 30},
	pages = {1456-1466},
	abstract = {Storm damage in production forests constitutes a major source of economic loss world wide, yet the retrieval of salvageable timber remains problematic. In particular, an inability to anticipate when sapstain and degrade will appear hampers the planning of log recovery operations. A study was conducted to monitor the deterioration of fallen trees following two winter storms causing wind and snow damage in a Pinus radiata plantation forest in the upper South Island of New Zealand. Percentage sapstain, incidence of basidiomycete decay fungi, and frequency of bark beetle infestation increased, while percentage sapwood moisture content decreased, over a period of 1 year. These changes proceeded more rapidly in fallen trees that were severed at stump height, to simulate breakage, than in those that were left partially rooted. There was little beetle activity at the time of the storms, but Arhopalus ferus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and Hylastes ater, Hylurgus ligniperda and Pachycotes peregrinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), were collected in flight traps during the following spring and summer. The predominant fungal species associated with sapstain was Diplodia pinea, while Ophiostoma piceae and Grosmannia huntii were isolated near the end of the period. The main decay fungi obtained were Phlebiopsis gigantea, Stereum sanguinolentum, and Schizophyllum commune. A generalized linear mixed model was constructed to predict the development of sapstain in fallen trees for conditions prevailing during the study after a storm at the same time of year. According to the model, a 10 m long butt log of 22 cm mid length diameter will have minimal stain (<10\% of the cross sectional area affected) when cut from severed stems up to 4 months after the storm; if taken from still-rooted trees this period will extend to 1 year. However, because of large between-tree variation, economically productive log recovery will also depend on the proportion of trees that lie below an acceptable sapstain threshold. Further research is needed to determine regional and seasonal influences on the development of sapstain in fallen trees. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Hylastes ater, Hylurgus ligniperda, Pachycotes peregrinus},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {McCarthy, J. K. and Hood, I. A. and Brockerhoff, E. G. and Carlson, C. A. and Pawson, S. M and Forward, M. and Walbert, K. and Gardner, J. F.}
}
